! ness];" while others understand it of the Holy Spirit, or the Spirit implanted in the soul by Cod. and trans- late, either, "The Spirit which dwelleth in us lusts [ de- sires, inclines | against envy ;" or. "The Spirit which he [God hath placed in us jealously desireth [usforhim-
i self]." In neither case can the stab mi nl be r< ferred to any single passage in the Old Test; hut if the last ren- dering he adopted, the writer may he supposed to refer generally to those parts of the Old Test, in which God is represented as dwelling in his people (Numb, xxxv, 34 : L/ek. xxxvi. 27), and as desiring them wiih a j< al- ous affection (Dent, xxxii. in sq.). This is far from sat- isfactory, but it seems the hest solution that has bei n offered.
2. Mod< in which Quotations from tin all Test, in tin New Test, are introduced. —For this purpose certain for- mulas are employed, of which the following is a list: kari.V or Ovrw ykypairrai, IhiJc ysypairrat, Eari ) >- ypap.fiivov, '0 \6yoe <j yeypaujuivof, Kara m yt - pau- fiivov,'Ep,p'k5r), KaSwc, eiprjrai, Kara rv eiprnievov, H yf>u<pi) H-e or \iyti, or simply Aiya (sup. Bgoq rel. -f>tn;»'l7iir), lln>ii\n iv n) yxKjitj. O j-i'Hor i\tyfv, EiprjKt Si tic, BXJ7rf-£ to vprtfikvov, OiroWort iiri- yvtoTE, KaSwg i\<l\l|<^^. Tort iicknpw$Ti >) ypa<pi\, 'iva l oirioc") n-\rjpto5y (raXawSp I ro pijSi v <, Surenhusius is of opinion, and labors to prove, that by attending to the force of these different formula; we may ascertain with what inn nl the words tin \ i. spec- tively introduce are quoted, as each formula, he asserts, involves a different meaning [I'm/, in Bib. CatalL). A fatal objection, however, to this opinion is that we find the very samt quotations, expressed in the same words and brought to prove the very same points, introduci d by different formula: in different Gospels (Hornt ii, 339). At the same time, there are obviously two classes of these formulae, the difference between which is distinctly marked by the circumstance that, while some of them merely express the fact that what follows is a quotation, others of them intimate the existence of a material relation between the passage quoted and the Bubjecl of which the writer quoting it is treating. Thus, when it is simply said. '•The Scripture sailh." nothing more is necessarily implied than that what follows is taken from the Old Test.: hut when it is -aid. ••Then
was the Scripture fulfilled which saith," or "This was done thai the Scriptures might he fulfilled," we immedi- ately perceive that the writer would intimati a real connection of some sort betwt en the even! he is n cord- ing and the statement wiih which he compares it in the passage quoted. We may therefore so far adopt the hypothesis of Surenhusius as to admit a distinction
betWI en these two classes, and expect to find ill the pas- sages i tit rod need h\ the latter of them something more
than a mere verbal quotation. See Fulfil,
I;. -Mi a the quotations introduced by these formuhe,
QUOTATIONS
855
QUOTATIONS
there are a considerable number scattered through the writings of the apostles which are inserted in the train of their own remarks without any announcement what- ever of their being cited from others. To the cursory reader the passages thus quoted appear to form a part of the apostle's own words, and it is only by intimate acquaintance with the Old-Test. Scriptures, and a care- ful comparison of these with those of the New Test., that the fact of their being quotations can be detected. In the common version every trace of quotation is in many of these passages lost, from the circumstance that the writer has closely followed the Sept., while our ver- sion of the Old Test, is made from the Hebrew. Thus, for instance, in 2 Cor. viii, 21, Paul says, Trpovoov/iEvoi Ka\d ov fiovov h'wiriov Kvpiov, dXXd icai ivdiiriov ai'3pw7rwi', which, with a change in the mood of the verb, is a verbatim citation of the Sept. version of Prov. iii, 4. Hardly any trace of this, however, appears in the common version, where the one passage reads, " Providing for honest things not only in the sight of the Lord, but also in the sight of men ;" and the other, " So shalt thou rind favor and good understanding in the sight of God and man." So, also, in I Pet. iv, 18, the apostle quotes word for word from the Sept. ver- sion of Prov. xi, 31 the clause d 6 SiKaiog fioAic oio'Ce- rat, 6 aatjii)Q kcii u^utpTioXoQ ttov <f>ai>drai ; a quo- tation which we should in vain endeavor to trace in the common version of the Proverbs, where the pas- sage in question is rendered, " Behold, the righteous shall be recompensed in the earth ; much more the wicked and the sinner." Such quotations evidently show how much the minds of the New-Test, writers were imbued with the sentiments and expressions of the Old Test, as exhibited in the Alexandrine ver- sion.
3. Purposes for which these Quotations are introduced. — These, as appears from an examination of the pas- sages, are as follows :
(1.) For the explanation or proof of some doctrinal position. Thus Paul, for the sake of explaining and confirming his doctrine of the efficacy of faith, quotes repeatedly from Hab. ii, 4 the sentence " The just shall live by faith." So, also, in order to prove that mere natural descent from Abraham did not of itself entitle any one to the divine favor, the same apostle quotes the terms of God's promise to Abraham, in which he expressly declares that in Isaac alone, of all Abraham's family, was the seed of Abraham — i. e. the spiritual Is- rael— to be called or chosen. Comp. also Rom. iv, 7, 8 ; ix, 12, 13, 15, 17, 20, 21 ; xii, 19. 20 ; xiv, 10, 11, etc. It is to be observed that the passages thus adduced are al- most always found in writings addressed to Jews, and are therefore to be regarded as containing argumenta e concessis. They are always applied, if not in the words, at least in the sense, of the original from which they are taken.