QUOTATION-
854
QUOTATIONS
bined with another from the Hebrew. In Mark xii, 30; Luke x, -J7: Rom. xii, 19, the Sept. and Hebrew are superadded the one upon the other. In the Epistle to the Hebrews, which in this respecl stands alone, the Sept. is uniformly followed; except in the one remark- able quotation (Heb. x, 30), which, according neither with the Hebrew nor the Sept., was probably derived from the last-named passage i Rom. xii, 19), wherewith it exactly coincides. The quotation in 1 Cor. ii. 9 seems to have been derived, nol directly from the Old Test., bul rather from a Christian liturgy or other docu- ment into which i hr language of Isa. lxiv, 4 had been transferred.
Secondly. The New-Test, writers must have frequent- ly quoted from memory. The < >ld Test, had been deep- ly instilled into their minds, ready lor service whenever needed ; and the fulfilment ofits predictions, which they witnessed, made its utterances rise up in life before them (comp. John ii. 17,22). It was of the very essence ol such a living use of Old-Test, Scripture that their quo- tations of it should not of necessity be verbally exact
Thirdly. Combined wiih this there was an alteration of conscious or unconscious design. Sometimes the ob- ject of this was to obtain increased force; hence the variation from the original in the form of the divine oath (Rom. xiv, 11) ; or the result "I quake" substi- tuted lor the cause (Heb. xii, 21 }; or the insertion of rhetorical words to bring out the emphasis (Heb. xii, 26); or the change of person to show that what men perpetrated had its root in God's determinate counsel (Matt. xxvi. :>1). Sometimes an Old-Test, passage is abridged, and in the abridgment so adjusted, by a little alteration, as to present an aspect of completeness and yet omit what is foreign to the immediate purpose (Acts i. 20; 1 Cor. i. 31). At other times a passage is en- larged by the incorporation of a passage from another source. Thus in Luke iv, 18, 19, although the contents are professedly those read by our Lord from Isa. lxi. we have the words " to set at liberty them that are bruised," introduced from [sa. lviii, 6 (Sept.): similarly in Rom. \i. 8, I »eut. xxix. -1 is combined with Isa. xxix, 10. In some cases still greater liberty of alteration is assumed. In Rom. x, 11 the word iraQ is introduced into Isa. xxviii, 16, to show that that is uttered of Jew and Gen- tile alike. In Rom. xi, 26, 27, the " to Zion" of Isa.lix, ^'(i (Sept. ci'ekev 2i<iii/) is replaced by "out of Sion" (suggested by Isa.ii,3); to Zion the Redeemer had al- ready come : from Zion. the Christian Church, his law was to go forth: or even from the literal Jerusalem (comp. Luke xxiv,47; Rom. xv. 19), for till she was de- stroyed the type was still in a measure kept up. In Matt, viii, 17 the words of Isa. liii, 4 are adapted to the divine removal of disease, the outward token and wit- ness of i ha i sin which Christ was eventually to remove by his death, thereby fulfilling the prophecy more com- pletely. Lor other, though less striking, instances of variation see 1 Cor. xiv, 21 ; 1 1'et. iii, 15. In some
places, again, tin- actual words of ti riginal are taken
up, hut employed with a new meaning ; thus the lp%6- fiivoQ, which in Hab. ii, 3 merely qualified the verb, is in Heb. x, 37 made the subject to it.
Fourthly. Still more remarkable than any alteration in the , , not at ion itself is the circumstance that in Matt xxvii. 9 Jeremiah should be named as the author of a I really delivered byZechariah; the reason be- ing, as has been well shown by Hengstenberg in his I /. that the prophecy is based upon that in Jer. xviii, xix, and that without a reference to this original source the most essential features of the fulfil- ment oi Zechariah's prophecy would be mis lerstood.
The case is, indeed, not entirely unique; for in the Creek of Mark i, 2, 3, where Mai. iii, 1 is combined with i the name ol Isaiah alone is mentioned; it was
on his prophecy that that of Malachi partly depended. i >n the other hand, in Matt, ii, 23 ; John vi. I">, the com- prehensive mention of the prophets indicates a refer- ence not only to the passages more particularly con-
I templated. Isa. xi. 1 ; liv, 13, but also to the general tenor of what had been elsewhere prophetically uttered. See Nazabene. On John vii, 38 it may suffice here to remark that perhaps the hest solution of the difficulty is to regard our Lord as not making any direct quota- tion from any part of the < >ld Test, but as only referring in metaphorical language, suited to the strain of his previous address (comp. ver. 37), to a fact which in plainer style is unquestionably announced in the ancient prophecies, viz. the abundant possession of divine knowledge by those who Bhould live under the Mes- siah's reign. The passage James iv, 5 is beset with dif- ficulty. Not only is there doubt as to what "Scripture" is cited, hut much obscurity hangs over the meaning of the winds themselves so adduced. We cannot enter into the details of the investigation. Referring for i hese to Huther's note on the passage in Meyer's Com- mentor, pt 15, the substance of which is given by dean Alford in his notes, we coin, m oursi Ives here with say- ing that some interpreters understand nvEOfia of the human spirit, and translate. " the spirit I temper, feeling of mind] which dwells in us lusts to envy [covetous-