(3.) Words and phrases transposed : e. g. Rom. x. 20, Ei>pt3i)v roig ipi pi) Zrjrovaiv, ip<pavi)g iytvo\ii\v roig tf.it /.n) iirtpwrCoGiv, for 'Eptyavng tyti'iftijv roig ipi pi) iirtpojrioGtv, fvpidrfv roig ipi pi) l,i)tovgiv, Isa. lxv, 1, etc. The Codex Alex, gives this passage ex- actly as cited by Paul.
(4.) Words and clauses interpolated or added : e. g. John vi, 31, dprov tK rov oi'pavov edutKev avroig <pa- ytiv, where the words tK rov and (paytiv are an ad- dition (comp. Psa. lxxviii, 24); 1 Cor. xv, 45, 'Eyivtro b Ttp&Toc dvSpionoQ ' Acdp. tig il/v\>)v tSiaav, where the words irpwroc and 'AoVfyt are added by the apos- tle (comp. Gen. ii, 7). These additions are made some- times from parallel passages, and sometimes of the writ- er's own'device, for the purpose of rendering the mean-
ing of the passage clearer, or connecting it more readily with the preceding or subsequent context.
(5.) Words omitted and passages abridged : e. g. Matt, iv, Ii, roig dyyiXoic avrov ivrtXeirai Trtpi gov, Kai tTri xupwv dpoixri Gt,pi]7rore TrpoGKo\p?jg rrpbg Xi- Sov rbv TvbSa gov, for roic dyytXoie avrov ivrtXtirat iripi gov, rov Cta<j>vXd%ai ge iv Trdoaig rale, beoig gov ■ tiri x^puv dpovai Gt, pl/TTore TrpoGKu\pijg rrpbg XiStov r. tt. g., Psa. xc, 11, 12. Comp. also Matt, xxii, 24 with Dent, xxv, 5 ; Rom. ix, 27, 28 with Isa. x, 22, 23 ; Heb. iv, 4 with Gen. ii, 3, etc.
(0.) Passages paraphrastically rendered, or the gen- eral sense only given : e. g. Rom. ix, 25, where we have a paraphrastic rendering of Hos. ii, 23; Rom. x, 6 sq., a free rendering of Deut. xxx, 12 sq. ; 1 Cor. i, 31, where the general sense of Jer. ix, 24 is given ; comp. also 1 Pet. ii, 22 with Isa. lix, 9.
(7.) Several passages quoted together, so as to form one connected sense : e. g. in 2 Cor. vi, 16-18 we have a passage made up of no less than three different pas- sages— Lev. xxvi, 11; Isa. Hi, 11; Jer. xxxi, 1. Comp. also Mark i, 2, 3, where Mai. iii, 1 and Isa. xl, 3 are com- bined; also Rom. xi, 8, where Isa. xxix, 10 and Deut. xxix, 4 are strangely mixed together.
(8.) Several of these species of deviations combined together : e. g. Rom. ii, 24, rb yap bvopa rov Vtoii Si ifiag fiXaGcptjptirai iv roic. iSvigi, lor ci vfidc Cid rravrbg rb bvopd pov j3XaG(pi]pftrai iv roig iSvtGi. Here we have the substitution of row Qtoii for /xoy,and the omission of Sid navrbg. Comp. also Rom. xi, 3 with 1 Kings xix, 14, for an instance of the combina- tion of omission, substitution, and transposition.
(9.) Passages rather indicated, or hinted at, than formally quoted: e. g. Eph. v, 14, "Eytipat b KaSrtvSwv, Kai dvdara ik rwv rtKptiv, Kai tTrapavGu Got b Xpiarog. The difficulty of assigning this quotation to any pas- sage in the Old Test, has been felt by all interpreters, and various theories have been proposed for the sake of removing it. The most probable, however, seems that which regards these words as formed upon Isa. Ix, 1-3, and the passage as rather hinted at than quoted. Comp. also Heb. xiii, 15 with Hos. xiv, 2. To this head may be also referred John vii, 38, where no particular passage is quoted, but such passages as Isa. xliv, 3 ; lv, 1 ; lviii. 1 1 ; Zech. xiv, 8 ; xiii, 1, are alluded to.
In the quotations of all kinds from the Old Test, in the New we find a continual variation from the letter of the older Scriptures. To this variation four causes may be specified as having contributed:
First. All the New-Test, writers quoted from the Sept. — correcting it, indeed, more or less, by the Hebrew, especially when it was needful for their purpose; occa- sionally deserting it altogether; still abiding by it to so large an extent as to show that it was the primary source whence their quotations were drawn. Their use of it may be best illustrated by the corresponding use of our liturgical version of the Psalms — a use founded on love as well as on habit, but which, nevertheless, we forego when it becomes important that we should fol- low the more accurate rendering. Consequently, when the errors involved in the Sept. version do not interfere with the purpose which the New-Test, writer had in view, they are frequently allowed to remain in his quo- tation (see Matt, xv, 9 [a record of our Lord's words] ; Luke iv. 18 ; Acts xiii, 41 : xv, 17 ; Rom. xv, 10 ; 2 Cor. iv, 13; Heb. viii, 9; x, 5; xi, 21). The current of apostolic thought, too, is frequently dictated by words of the Sept., which differ much from the Hebrew (see Rom. ii, 24; 1 Cor. xv, 55 ; 2 Cor. ix, 7; Heb. xiii, 15). Or even an absolute interpolation of the Sept. is quoted (Heb. i, 6 [Deut, xxxii, 43]). On the other hand, in Matt, xxi, 5 ; 1 Cor. iii, 19, the Sept. is corrected by the Hebrew ; so, too, in Matt, ix, 13 ; Luke xxii, 37. there is an effort to preserve an expressiveness of the Hebrew which the Sept. had lost: and in Matt.iv, 15, 16 : John xix, 37 ; 1 Cor. xv, 54, the Sept. disappears altogether. In Rom. ix, 33 we have a quotation from the Sept, com-