Vigilant (vn¢advoy). Only in the Pastorals. See ver. 11, and Tit. ii. 2. °9LXX. The kindred verb yvydew means to be sober with reference to drink, and, in a metaphorical sense, to be sober and wary ; cool and unimpassioned. Thus Epichar- mus, vade Kal péuvac’ amiorelv be wary and remember not to be eredulous. See onl Th. v. 6. In N. T. the meaning of the verb is always metaphorical, to be calm, dispassionate, and cir- cumspect. The A. V. vigilant is too limited. Wise caution may be included; but it is better to render sober, as A.V. in ver. 11 and Tit. ii. 2, in the metaphorical sense as opposed to youthful levity.
Of good behaviour (xecuiov). °P. Only here and 1 Tim. ii. 9, see note. Rend. orderly.
Given to hospitality (¢ircevov). CP. Comp. Tit. i. 8; 1 Pet. iv. 9. See note on pursuing hospitality, Rom. xii. 18.
Apt to teach (didaxtixov). °P. Only here and 2 Tim. ii. 24. °LXX, Class. In the Pastorals the function of teaching pertains to both Bishops and Elders (see 1 Tim. vy. 17; Tit. i. 9). It is at this point that the tendency to
* The reference to second marriages here is held by Holtzmann, Ellicott, von Soden, Wace, and Pfieiderer. Huther and Farrar take it as simply opposed to an immoral life, especially concubinage.
230 WORD STUDIES IN THE NEW TESTAMENT. (Cu. III.
confound and identify the two reveals itself. Bishops and Presbyters are not identical. Earlier, the teaching function does not seem to have attached to the position of érloxorros. The office acquired a different character when it assumed that function, which is not assigned to it in Clement’s Epistle to the Corinthians. In the Didache or Teaching of the Twelve Apostles (about 100 A.D.) the ministry of teaching is to be assumed by the Bishops only in the absence of the Prophets and Teachers (xiii. xv).
3. Given to wine (zdpouvov). Only here and Tit. i. T. The verb zrapowveiv to behave ill at wine, to treat with drunken violence, is found in Xenophon, Aeschines, Aristophanes, and Aristotle. Once in LXX, Isa. xi.12. Rev. renders brawler, which is not definite enough. Better, quarrelsome over wine. See Aristoph. Acharn. 981: rapoimos avip épv, which Frere renders “behaved in such a beastly way.” Cicero, ad Att. x. 10, uses mapowwKas = insolently.
Striker (wAnKTnv). Only here and Tit. i. 7. Some soften down the meaning into a pugnacious or combative person. In any case, it is a peculiar state of things which calls out such admonitions to Bishops.
Not greedy of filthy lucre. Omit.
Patient (émvexh). Better, forbearing. The word occurs Philip. iv. 5, and ézrvecia forbearance in 2 Cor. x. 1, where it is associated with mwpairns meekness. From eixds reasonable. Hence, not unduly rigorous; not making a determined stand for one’s just due. In 1 Pet. ii. 18; Jas. iii. 17, it is associ- ated with ayaos kindly, and evreOys easy to be entreated. It occurs in LXX.
Not a brawler (duayov). Better, not contentious.
Not covetous (agiAdpyupov). Only here and Heb. xiii. 5. °"LXX, °Class. Pirdpyvpos money-loving, L. xvi. 14; 2 Tim.
Cu. IIL] THE FIRST EPISTLE TO TIMOTHY. 231
iii, 2. Rend. not a money-lover. The word for covetous is mAeovextns. For the distinction see on Rom. i. 29.
This admonition is cited by some writers in support of the view that the original éwécxo7os was simply a financial officer. It is assumed that it was prompted by the special tempta- tions which attached to the financial function. Admitting that the episcopal function may have included the financial interests of the church, it could not have been confined to these. It can hardly be supposed that, in associations dis- tinctively moral and religious, one who bore the title of overseer should have been concerned only with the material side of church life.*