566 THE MIDDLE AGES. A.D. 1049-1294.
in a given period.1 The professors were kept in awe by the threat which the student body held over them of migrating when there was cause for dissatisfaction. This sort of boycott was exercised a number of times as when Bolognese students decamped and departed to Vicenza 1204, Padua 1222, and for the last time to Siena 1321.
The professors, at first, were dependent upon fees and at times stopped their lectures because of the failure of the stu dents to pay up. The jurist, Odefridus of Bologna, announced on one occasion that he would not lecture in the afternoons of the ensuing term because "the scholars want to profit but not to pay/' Professorial appointments were at first in the hands of the student body but afterwards became the prerogative of the municipality. This change was due in part to the obli gation undertaken by the city government to pay fixed sala ries.2 Strange to say, about the middle of the thirteenth century, the professorships at Bologna became largely heredi tary.
A noticeable, though not exceptional, feature of Bologna was the admission of learned women to its teaching chairs. Novella d'Andrea, 1312-1366, the daughter of the celebrated jurist Giovanni d'Andrea, lectured on philosophy and law, but behind a curtain, lest her face should attract the attention of the students from their studies. Among other female pro fessors have been Laura Bassi, d. 1778, doctor and professor of philosophy and mathematics; Chlotilda Tambroni, who ex pounded the Greek classics, 1794-1817; and Giuseppina Cattani, who, until a few years ago, lectured on pathology. In Salerno, also, women practised medicine and lectured, as did Trotula, about 1059, who wrote on the diseases of women. In Paris, as we have been reminded by Denifle, the daughters
1 This was called reaching a certain " point, " punctum, which was a division in the civil text-book and in Gratian's Decretum. Rashdall, I. 199.
2 The first instance of a lecturer with a fixed salary was Garsias, the canonist, to whom £150 were promised. In 1289 two chairs were endowed at £150 and £100. In 1838 there were at Bologna 27 professors of civil law, 12 of canon law, 14 of medicine, and 15 of the arts. Laurie, p. 140. In 1381 there were 23 salaried professors of the law and the city grant amounted to £63,670. Rash dall, I. 212 sq.
§ 91. THE UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA. 567
of one Mangold taught theology in the latter part of the elev enth century.1
On the other hand, due care was taken to protect the stu dents of Bologna against the wiles of women. The statutes of its college, founded by Cardinal Albornoz, 1367, for Spanish students, forbade them dancing because " the devil easily tempts men to evil through this amusement," and also forbade women to " enter the premises because a woman was the head of sin, the right hand of the devil, and the cause of the ex pulsion from paradise."2
A graduate of civil law was required at Bologna to have studied seven years, and of canon law six years. To become a doctor of both laws, utriusque juris, a term of ten years was prescribed. In 1292, Nicholas IV. formally granted the Bolognese doctors the right to lecture everywhere, a right they had exercised before. The promotion to the doctorate was accompanied with much pageantry and involved the candidate in large outlay for gifts and banquets.3
The class rooms in canon and civil jurisprudence at Bo logna became synonymous with traditional opinions. There was no encouragement of originality. With the interpreta tion of the text-books, which had been handed down, the work of the professor was at an end. This conservatism Dante may have had in mind when he made the complaint that in Bologna only the Decretals were studied. And Roger Bacon exclaimed that " the study of jurisprudence has for forty years destroyed the study of wisdom [that is philosophy, the sciences, and theology], yes, the church itself and all departments."4 When the Renaissance came, it did not start with Bologna or any of the other Italian univer-
1 Denifle, I. 233, Ordericus Vitalis speaks of women practitioners and men tions one by name who had studied at Palermo. Engl. trans. I. 433. There were female physicians in Paris in the fourteenth century, one of whom, Jacoba, healed a royal chancellor. Chart., II. 263 sqq. The statutes of the medical faculty of Paris forbade a physician attending a patient who had not paid his bill to another physician and prohibited his practising with Jews or women practitioners. Rashdall, II. 430.
2 Rashdall, I. 204. « For these expenses see Rashdall, I. 229 sqq. * Brewer's ed., p. 418. Bridges, Opus Majus of Eog. Bacon, I. p. Ixxxiii sq.