5lJ8 THE MIDDLE AGES. A.D. 1049-1294.
sities but in the courts of princes and popes and especially in the city of Florence. The universities produced no Savonarola and encouraged no religious or doctrinal reform.
NOTE, — An account of the brilliant celebration of the eighth cen tenary of Bologna, 1888, is given by Philip Schaff : The University, etc., in Lit. and Poetry, pp. 205-278. On that occasion Dr. Schaff represented the University of New York. The exercises were honored by the presence of Humbert and the queen of Italy. The ill-fated Frederick III. of Germany sent from his sick-room a letter of congratulation, as in some sense the heir of Frederick Barbarossa. The clergy were con spicuous by their absence from the celebration, although among the visitors was Father Gavazzi, the ex-Barnabite friar, who in 1848 fired the hearts of his fellow -citizens, the Bolognese, for the cause of Italian liberty and unity and afterwards became the eloquent advocate of a new evangelical movement for his native land, abroad as well as at home. A contrast was presented at the five hundredth anniversary of the Uni versity of Heidelberg, 1886, which Dr. Schaff also attended, and which was inaugurated by a solemn religious service and sermon.
§ 92. The University of Paris.
'.LITERATURE : The works of BUL^EUS, DENIFLE, RASHDALL, etc., as given in § 90. Vol. I. of the Chartularium gives the official documents bearing on the history of the Univ. from 1200-1286 with an Introd. by Denifle. — CREVIER: Hist, de V Univ. de Paris, 7 vols. Paris, 1761, based on Bulseus. — P. FERET: La Faculte de theol. de Paris et ses docteurs les plus celebres au moyen age, 5 vols. Paris, 1894 sqq. — A. LUCHAIRE: Uuniv. de Paris sous Phil. Augusts, Paris, 1899. — C. GROSS: The Polit. Injl. of the Univ. of Paris in the M.A., in Am. Hist. Rev., 1901, pp. 440-446. — H. FELDER: Gesch. der wissenschaftl. Studien im Franziskanerorden bis c. 1250, Freib., 1904. — F. X. SEPPELT : D. Kampf d. Bettelorden an d. Univ. zu Paris in d. Mitte d. ISten Jahrh., Breslau, 1905. — RASHDALL: Universities, I. 270-657, and the table of Lit. there given.
The lustre of the University of Paris filled all Western Europe as early as the first years of the thirteenth century. It continued to be the chief seat of theological and general learning till the Reformation. In 1231 Gregory IX. called Paris " the parent of the sciences, another Kerieth Sepher, a city of letters, in which, as in a factory of wisdom, the pre cious stones and gold of wisdom are wrought and polished for the Church of Christ." * In the same strain Alexander
1 Chart., I. 137.
§ 92. THE UNIVERSITY OF PAKIS. 569
IV., 1256, eulogized the university1 as uthat most excellent state of letters, a famous city of the arts, a notable school of erudition, the highest factory of wisdom, — officina sapientice, — and the most efficient gymnasium of study. There, a clear spring of the sciences breaks forth at which the peo ples of all nations drink." Three hundred years later, in 1518, Luther, in his protest to Cajetan, expressed his willing ness to have his case go before the University of Paris to which he referred " as the parent of studies and from antiq uity ever the most Christian University and that in which theology has been particularly cultivated."
The old tradition, which traced the origin of the university back to Charlemagne, the pride of the French has been slow to abandon. Du Boulay devoted an entire volume to its assumed history before the year 1000. Not even was Abselard its founder. The most that can be said is, that that brilliant teacher prepared the way for the new institu tion,2 whose beginnings belong to the period 1150-1170.
From its earliest era of development, the university re ceived the recognition of royalty and the favor of popes who were quick to discern its future importance. In the year 1200 Philip Augustus, king of France, conferred upon it a valuable privilege, granting the students and teaching body independent rights over against the municipal government. Among its venerable documents are communications from Innocent III., his legate, Robert of Courgon, Honorius III. and Gregory IX., 1231. From that time on, the archives abound in papal letters and communications addressed to the pope by the university authorities.
In Paris, as has already been said, the masters were the controlling body. The first use of the expression "univer sity of masters and scholars" occurs in 1221. 3 The earliest example of statutes is found in a bull of Innocent III., writ ten about 1209. 4 Later, Innocent recognized the corporate rights of the body when he permitted it to have a represen-
1 Chart., I. 343. 2 Denifle, p. 677. 8 Chart., I. 98 sq.
* Denifle gives the date as 1208 or 1209, Chart., I. 67. Rashdall, I. 301, puts it in 1210.