574 THE MIDDLE AGES. A.D. 1049-1294.
restored, as we are assured by Alexander IV. Thus the papacy made repayment to the university for its readiness from of old to accept its guidance by depriving the institu tion of its liberties.1
From the middle of the fourteenth century, the Univer sity of Paris played no mean part in the political affairs of France. More than once she spoke before the court and before the peers of the realm, and more than once was she rebuked for her unsolicited zeal.2 French kings themselves styled her "the daughter of the king." She was actively zealous in the persecution of Joan of Arc.3
As a factor in the religious history of Europe, the univer sity figured most prominently during the Western schism — 1378-1418. She suggested the three ways of healing the rup ture and, to accomplish this result, sent her agents through Western Europe to confer with the kings and other powers. Under the guidance of her chancellors, Gerson and D'Ailly, the discussions of the Reformatory councils of Pisa and Con stance were directed, which brought the papal schism to an end. The voting by nations at Constance was her triumph.
As for disputes on distinctly doctrinal questions, the uni versity antagonized John XXII. and his heresy, denying the beatific vision at death. In 1497 she exacted from all candi dates for degrees an oath accepting the dogma of the immac ulate conception. When the Protestant Reformation came, she decided against that movement and ordered the books of Luther burnt.
§ 93. Oxford and Cambridge.
LITERATURE : ANTHOXY WOOD (1632-1695) : Hist, et Antiquitates Univ. Oxoniensis, 2 vols. Oxford, 1674. A trans, from MS. by Wase and Peers, under the supervision of Dr. Fell from Wood's English MS. Wood was dissatisfied with the translation and rewrote his work, which
1 See Rashdall, I. 391. The account given above differs from the account of Seppelt who justifies the friars at every step and finds in the good recep tion they at first received from the university masters a proof that they conducted themselves properly all the way through.
2 See Amer. Hist. Sev., 1901, p. 442 sq. 3 Chart., IV. Nos. 510-528.
§ 93. OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE. 575
was published a hundred years after his death with a continuation by JOHN GUTSCH : The Hist, and Antiquities of the Colleges and Halls in the Univ. of Oxf.,2 vols. Oxford, 1786-1790. Also : The Hist, and An tiquities of Ox/., now first published in English from the original MS. in the Bodleian Library, 2 vols. Oxford, 1792-1796. By the same : Athence Oxonienses, 2 vols. London, 1691-1692, 3d ed., by Ph. Bliss, 1813-1820, 4 vols. The last work is biographical, and gives an account of the Oxonian writers and bishops from 1500-1690.
Oxford Historical Society's Publications, 45 vols. CONTENTS : University Register, 1449-1463, 1505-1671, ed. by W. C. BOASE, 5 vols.; Hearne's Collectanea, 1705-1719, 6 vols.; Early History of Oxford (727- 1100); Memorials of Merton College, etc. — V. A. HUBER : D. engl. Universitdten, 2 vols. Cassel, 1839. Engl. trans, by F. W. NEWMAN, a brother of the cardinal, 3 vols. London, 1843. — C. JEAFKERSON : Annals of Oxford, 2 vols. 2d ed. London, 1871. — H. C. M. LYTE : Hist, of the Univ. of Oxf. from the Earliest Times to 1530, Oxford, 1886. — H. C. BRODRICK: Hist, of the Univ. of Oxf., London, 1887.— RASHDALL: Universities, II. 319-542. — JESSOPP : The Coming of the Friars, pp. 262-302. — THOMAS FULLER: Hist, of the Univ. of Cambr. ed. by PRITCHARD and WRIGHT, Cambridge, 1840. — C. H. COOPER: Annals of Cambr., 4 vols. 1842-1852 ; Memorials of Cambr., 3 vols. 1884. — MULLINGER : Hist, of the Univ. of Cambr. from the earliest times to the accession of Charles /., 2 vols. Cambridge, 1873-1883 ; Hist, of the Univ. of Cambr., London, 1887, an abridgment of the preceding work. For extensive Lit., see Rashdall, II. 319 sqq., 543 sq.
Next to Paris in age and importance, as a school of phi losophy and theology, is the University of Oxford, whose foundation tradition falsely traces to King Alfred. The first historical notice of Oxenford, or Oxford, occurs in 912. Three religious institutions were founded in the town, from any one of which or all of which the school may have had its inception : the priory of St. Frideswyde, Osseney abbey, and the church of the canons regular of St. George's in the Castle. The usually accepted view connects it with the first. But it is possible the university had its real beginning in a migra tion from Paris in 1167. This view is based upon a statement of John of Salisbury, that France had expelled her alien scholars and an order of Henry II. forbidding clerks to go to the Continent or to return from it without a license from the justiciar.1 Before that time, however, there was teaching in Oxford.
1 Rashdall, II. 331-345, argues the point with much force.