572 THE MIDDLE AGE3. A.D. 1049-1294.
nuncios, peers of France, and other lesser noteworthies at public functions.1
The faculties came to be presided over by deans, the nations by proctors. In the management of the general affairs of the university, the vote was taken by faculties.
The liberties, which the university enjoyed in its earlier history, were greatly curtailed by Louis XI. and by his suc cessors in the latter half of the fifteenth century. The uni versity was treated to sharp rebukes for attempting to interfere with matters that did not belong to it. The right of cessation was withdrawn and the free election of the rectors denied.2 The police of the city were invested with larger jurisdiction, and the sovereign's will was made a con trolling element.
The fame of the University of Paris came from its schools of arts and theology. The college of the Sorbonne, originally a bursary for poor students of theology, afterwards gave its name to the theological department. It was founded by Robert of Sorbon, the chaplain of St. Louis, the king him self giving part of the site for its building. In the course of time, its halls came to be used for disputations, and the decisions of the faculty obtained a European reputation. Theological students of twenty-five years of age, who had studied six years, and passed an examination, were eligible for licensure as bachelors. For the first three years they read on the Bible and then on the Sentences of the Lom bard. These readers were distinguished as Biblici and Sententiarii. The age limit for the doctorate was thirty -five.
One of the most interesting chapters in the history of the university is the struggle over the admission of the mendi cant friars in the middle of the thirteenth century. The papacy secured victory for the friars. And the unwilling university was obliged to recognize them as a part of its teaching force.
The struggle broke out first at the time of the " cessa tion," 1229, when, as it would seem, the Dominicans secretly
1 Bulaeus, V. 359. 2 Amer^ Hist Eev^ 1901? p 442.
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favored the side of the civil magistrates against the univer sity authorities, and poisoned the court against them. The Dominicans were established in Paris, 1217 and the Francis cans, 1220, and both orders, furnished with letters of com mendation by Honorius III., were at first well received, so the masters themselves declared in a document dated 1254. l But they soon began to show arrogance and to demand the right to degrees for their students without promising submission to the statutes of the university. One of the first two Do minican masters to teach at the university was the English man, John of Giles. After preaching on poverty in St. Jacques, John descended from the pulpit and put on the Dominican robes.
At the " cessation " of 1251 the two Dominicans and one Franciscan, who were recognized as masters by the univer sity, refused to join with the other authorities, and, after the settlement of the difficulty, the two Dominicans were refused readmittance. A statute was passed forbidding admission to the fellowship, consortium, of the university for those who refused to take the oath to obey its rules. The friars refused to obey the statute and secured from Alexander IV. an order requiring the university to receive them, and setting aside all sentences passed against them.2
The friction continued, and the seculars sought to break the influence of the Franciscans by pointing out the heresies of Joachim of Flore. The friars retorted by attacking William of St. Amour whose work, The Perils of the Last Times, was a vigorous onslaught upon mendicancy as con trary to Apostolic teaching. William's book, which called out refutations from Thomas Aquinas and Bonaventura, was burnt, and refusing to recant, the author was suspended from teaching and banished from France.3 The friars were hooted on the streets and beaten. By 1257 tranquillity was
1 Chart., I. 253. Felder, pp. 159 sqq., strange to say, entirely passes over this conflict so that the reader would never dream there had been one.
2 Chart., I. 285, omnes sententias privationis sen separationis a consortio . . . penitus revocamus.
3 Chart., I. 362, 363, 367, 404, etc.