570 THE MIDDLE AGES. A.D. 1049-1294.
tative at Rome and ordered an expelled master to be read mitted. The statutes of Robert of Courgon, 1215, prescribed text-books and other regulations. A university seal was used as early as 122 1.1 Disputes between the university and the chancellor of the cathedral and other church authori ties of Paris date back as far as 1213.
There has been much difference of opinion as to what was the original norm of the organization of the university. Denifle, the leading modern authority, insists against Du Boulay that it was the four faculties and not the "nations," and he finds the faculties developed in the earliest years of the thirteenth century.2 Some association of masters existed as early as 1170, about which time, John of Celle, abbot of St. Albans, 1195-1214, was admitted into its membership.3 In 1207, Innocent III. spoke of the "body of masters," and in 1218 he recognized the right of the masters to insist upon the conferring of the license to teach upon the candidates whom they presented. The chancellor was left no option in the matter.4 In the middle of the thirteenth century, his authority was still more curtailed by the withdrawal of some of the masters to the hill of St. Genevieve on the western bank of the Seine. The abbot of St. Genevieve, who began to be styled "Chancellor of St. Genevieve" in 1255, assumed the right to confer licensures or degrees and the right was recognized by papal decree.5
The four nations seem to have been developed out of the demand for discipline among the students of cognate regions and for mutual protection against the civil au thorities. It is quite possible the example set in Bologna had some influence in Paris.
1 Chart., 1. 100. The seal was broken 1225. The seal of 1292 is preserved in Paris, Chart., I. p. ix sq.
2 Universitaten, pp. 04 sqq. , 655 sqq. Du Boulay was followed by Savigny. Seppelt, p. 221, agrees with Denifle.
3 John's biographer, Thomas of Walsingham, says John was a diligent student in Paris " in his youth " and was taken into "the association of the elect masters." * Chart., I. 73, 75, 85.
6 Chart., I. 75, 85. The formula used by the chancellor of St. Genevieve is given in the Chart., I. 299.
§ 92. THE UNIVERSITY OF PARIS. 571
The bull of Gregory IX., 1231, parens scientiarum, called by Denifle the " magna charta of the university," recognized and sealed its liberties. It was called forth by the suspen sion of lectures which had lasted two years. The trouble originated in a brawl in an inn, which developed into a fight between gown and town. The police of the city, with the assent of Queen Blanche, interfered, and killed several of the students. The professors ordered a " cessation " and, when they found that justice was not done, adjourned the university for six years. Some of them emigrated to Eng land and were employed at Oxford and Cambridge.1 Others settled down at other schools in France. The trouble was brought to an end by Gregory IX., who ratified the right of the masters to secede, and called upon Blanche to punish the offending officials, forbade the chancellor to have any prisons, and the bishop from imposing mulcts or imprisoning students.
It is possible that the office of rector goes back as far as 1200, when an official was called "the head of the Paris scholars."2 As early as 1245 the title appears distinctly and the rector is distinguished from the proctors.3 At a later time it was the proper custom, in communicating with the university, to address the "rector and the masters." The question of precedence as between the rector and other high dignitaries, such as the bishop and chancellor of Paris, was one which led to much dispute and elbowing. Du Boulay, himself an ex-rector, takes pride in giving instances of the rector's outranking archbishops, cardinals, papal
1 See Henry III.'s letter, Chart., I. 119.
2 Capitals Parisiensium scolarium, Chart., I. 60. This, the view of Du Boulay, is adopted by Savigny. Rashdall, I. 297, gives the expression an entirely different signification, and says it does not refer to persons at all but to chattels. Denifle, p. 119, takes an entirely different view, and denies that the university had a rector in the full sense till the middle of the fourteenth century. His view is that the rector of the faculty of the Arts gradually came to be recognized as the rector of the whole university. Rashdall gives good grounds for holding that he was the recognized head of the university, cer tainly as far back as the middle of the thirteenth century.
3 Chart., I. 179, 379.