RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Claudius
Clemen
of which a copy was seen in the monastery of Bobbie in 1461, but it has since been lost, and is only known by the rejoinders of Dungalus and Jonas. He gave offense also by his attitude toward the veneration of images, which among the half-civilized people of his diocese amounted to idolatry. He accepted Augustine's views on predestination, but overlooked that side of his teaching which sets forth the Church as the abiding means of communication between God and man. He disapproved of the increasing honor paid to the bishop of Rome, and did not favor pilgrimages to Rome. He denied that Peter had received power to bind and loose, and spoke of a double primacy among the apostles, one given to Peter for the Jewish mission, and one to Paul for the heathen. These and other expressions, together with the fact that he removed not only images, but even the crosses from his churches, gave rise to deep suspicion, and Theodemir wrote to him that it was reported he had founded a new sect contra regulam fidei catholicce. There is no evidence to support the view that he was the real founder of the Waldensians; though he may, in a sense, be numbered among the precursors of the Reformation. (R. Fossf.)
Bibliography: The best collection of the works is in MPL, civ., cvi. Consult: T. Forster, Drei Erzbischdfe vor 1000 Jakren {Clavdius von Turin, . , .), Giitersloh, 1874; H.
* F. Reuter, Geschichte der religidsen Aufkldrung im Mittelalter, i. 16-24, Berlin, 1875; A. Ebert, Geschichte der Literatur des Mittelalters, ii. 222-224, Leipsic, 1880; Wattenbach, DGQ, 6th ed., i. 155, 205, 207; KL, iii. 434-437.
CLEANNESS AND UNCLEAWNESS. See Defilement AND Purification, Ceremonial.
CLEMANGES, cle''manzh' (CLAMANGES), NICHOLAS POILLEVILLAIN, pwal"le-vil"lafi', OF: A French theological author and ecclesiastical statesman; b. at Clamanges near Chalons-sur- Mame, 90 m. n. by e. of Paris, c. 1367; d. at Paris in 1437. Like Gerson, his teacher, he was educated at the college of Navarre in Paris where, by his studies in the classics, he attained a degree of excellence in rhetoric that his contemporaries thought almost Ciceronian. The influence of ancient literature revealed itself only in his style, however, as his interests in life were entirely churchly and theological. At an early age he entered the arena of ecclesiastical politics, devoting himself with great earnestness to furthering the movement for the healing of the Great Schism (see Schism). In 1397 he became papal secretary to Benedict XIII. In 1405 he accompanied Benedict on a journey to Genoa, and remained there on the latter's return to Avignon in the fall of the following year. There was, however, no formal separation; and when Benedict in 1408 threatened the royal house of France with excommunication, the odium aroused fell in full measure upon the head of Nicholas, the supposed author of the obnoxious bull. Partly out of fear of possible consequences, partly in obedience to a long cherished desire, he abandoned his canonicate at Langres and retired to a Cistercian cloister, first at Val- Profonds.and then at Fontaine-du-bosc. There he «a.ve himself up to serious Biblical study, which.
he said, he had hitherto neglected. Aside from letters addressed to such friends as Gerson and D'Ailly, he composed a number of treatises dealing with the errors and corruptions that he saw in the Church of his time. De fructu eremi and De fructu rerum adversarium deal with the beneficent influence which solitude and misfortune may exercise on the inner life. De novis festivitatibus non instituendis protests against the harmful multiplication of holy days, and De studio theologico extols the life of the active parish priest above that of the student. In his Oratio ad Galliarum Principes (c. 1411) he pleaded for a cessation of the civil strife that was sapping the hfe of France. He threw himself with energy into the movement that culminated in the Council of Constance, depicting with power and feeling the degenerate state of the Church in his De ruina ecdesice, or De corrupto ecdesice statu (1401). His authorship of this work has been denied by some. He was displeased at the action of the Council of Constance in decreeing the deposition of the three rival popes, believing that the recognition of Benedict would have brought harmony to the Church. He was more fortunate than his friend Gerson in retaining the favor of the men in power in France. He sided with Philip of Burgundy against the Dauphin; and when in 1425 their reconciliation seemed at hand, he returned to his earliest occupation as lecturer on rhetoric and theology at the college of Navarre. He holds a high place in the history of the early French renaissance, and as a precursor of the " humanistic reformation." His ecclesiastical ideals, which the brain of a Wyclif converted into revolutionary principles, allowed the humanist scholar to remain a faithful son of the Church. (B. Bess.)
Bibliography: An incomplete ed. of the Opera was put out by J. M. Lydius, 2 vols., Leyden, 1613. The best account of Clemanges is by G. Voigt, Die Wiederbelebung des klassischen Alterthums, ii. 349-356, Berlin, 1881; A. Miintz, Nicholas de Clemanges; sa vie et ses ecrits, Strasburg, 1846; G. Schuberth, Nikolaus von Clemanges als Verfasser, Grossenhain, 1888; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, vol. vi.; KL, ix. 298-306; Creighton, Papacy, i. 151, 221, 301-303, 375.
CLEMEN, CARL CHRISTIAN: German Protestant; b. at Sommerfeld (a suburb of Leipsic) Mar. 30, 1865. He studied in Tubingen, Halle, Berlin, and Leipsic (Ph.D., 1889), and after being an assistant pastor in London 1889-90, became privat-docent at Halle in 1892. In 1903 he accepted a call to Bonn as titular professor of New Testament exegesis and systematic and practical theology, and was also an assistant in the university library 1903-05. In 1899-1903 he was general secretary of the Evangelischer Bund, and since 1902 has been convener of the international committee for the promotion of the Evangelical Church among the Czechs. His theological position is scientific. He has written Die Chronologic der paulinischen Briefe (Halle, 1893); Die Einheitlichkeit der paulinischen Brief e (Gottingen, 1894); Niedergefahren zu den Toten (Giessen, 1900); Paulus, sein Leben und Wirken (2 vols., 1904); Schleiermaclvers Glaubenslehre (1905); Die Apostelgeschichte im Lichte der neueren text-, quellen- und historisch-kritischen Forschungen (1905); Die Entstehung des Neuen
Clement