THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
ment of an alliance which should uphold Protestantism everywhere.
Though he was limited by the defects which make imperfect the character of the best of men, it has been generally admitted, now that old prejudices have passed away (especially since the publication of Carlyle's great work), that Modem Cromwell was a man of sincere devo- Estimate. tion to duty and to his ideal of what a Christian man should be. No sour fanatic, he was strict in banishing not merely vice, but the foUy which leads to vice. Long reviled as a regicide, a hypocrite, and a tyrant, he is now recognized as a patriotic, wise, and just ruler.
Bibliography: A discriminating criticism of literature prior to 1887 may be found at the end of the article in the DNB, xiii. 155-186. The only early life of value is H. Fletcher, The Perfect Politician The Life of 0.
Cromwell, London, 1660. Consult: O. Cromwell, Memoirs of the Protector . and of his Sons Richard and Henry, 2 vols., London, 1823 (by a descendant and in apologetic tone); T. Carlyle, Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches, 3 vols., London, 1846, reprinted often, e.g., 1905 (a vindication of Cromwell, turned the current of opinion concerning the subject); D. Masson, Life of Milton, 6 vols., Cambridge, 1857-80 (indispensable); J. Forster, Lives of Eminent Statesmen of the Commonwealth, vol. i., London, 1853 (adverse); F. P. G. Guizot, Life of Oliver Cromwell, 9th ed., ib. 1899; J. A. Picton, Oliver Cromwell, the Man and his Mission, ib. 1889 (defensive); S. R. Gardiner, Hist, of the Commonwealth and Protectorate, 1649- 60, London, 1894; idem, Oliver Cromwell, ib. 1903; S. H. Church, Oliver Cromwell, Life, Extracts from Letters and Speeches, New York and London, 4th ed., 1899; J. Morley, Oliver Cromwell, ib. 1904. From the view of church history: W. Clark, Anglican Reformation, pp. 398, 428-429 436-440, New York, 1897; J. H. Overton, The Church in England, ii. 114-119, London, 1897; W. H. Button, The English Church . 16SS-171 4, ib. 1903. An interesting volume is Menasseh Ben Israel's Mission to Oliver Cromwell. A Reprint, ed. L. Wolf, ib. 1901.
CROOKER, JOSEPH HENRY: Unitarian; b. at Foxcroft, Me., Dec. 8, 1850. He was educated at Norway, Me. (1864-67), and YpsUanti Union Seminary (1870), and after a Baptist ministry of five years became a convert to Unitarianism in 1877. He held charges at Madison, Wis. (1881-91), Helena, ]\Iont. (1891-97), and Ann Arbor, Mich. (1898- 1905). Since 1906 he has been minister of Roslindale Unitarian Church, Boston. He has written Jesw Brought Back (Boston, 1889); Problems in American Society (1889); Different New Testament Views of Jesus (1890); The New Bible and its New Uses (1893); The Unitarian Church (1901); Religious Freedom in American Education (1903); and The Supremacy of Jesus (1904).
CROOKS, GEORGE RICHARD : Methodist; b. in Philadelphia Feb. 3, 1822; d. in Madison, N. J., Feb. 20, 1897. He was graduated at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa., 1840; became teacher in the grammar-school of the college 1842, its principal 1843, adjunct professor of Latin and Greek in the college 1840; was pastor in Philadelphia, Wilmington, New York, and Brooklyn 1848-80; professor of historical theology in Drew Theological Seminary, Madison, N. J., 1880 till his death. In the General Conference of 1856 he led the movement which sanctioned theological seminaries in the Methodist Church, and he aimed steadily at higher ideals of culture for the ministry. From 18G0 to 1875 he edited The Methodist. With John
F. Hurst he prepared an adaptation of Hagenbach's Encyclofcedia and Methodology (New York, 1884); independently he published an edition of Butler's Analogy, containing a life and completion of Emory's analysis (1852); The Life and Letters of Rev. Dr. John McClintock (1876); the Sermons (1885) and Life (1890) of Bishop Matthew Simpson; The Story of the Christian Church (1897).
CROSBY, FANNY (FRANCES JANE VAN AL-
STYNE) : Hymn-writer; b. at South East, N. Y., Mar. 24, 1820. She became totally blind in infancy, and was educated at the New York Institute for the Blind, where she taught English grammar and rhetoric, as well as Greek, Roman, and American history, 1847-58, when she married Alexander Van Alstyne, a bUnd man. She has written more than three thousand hymns, among the best known bemg " Safe in the arms of Jesus; " " Jesus, keep me near the Cross; " " Pass me not, O gentle Savior; " " Rescue the perishing; " and " Sweet hour oi prayer." She has also written The Blind Girl and other Poems (New York, 1844); Monterey and other Poems (1849); A Wreath of Columbia's Flowers (1859); Bells at Evening and other Poems, with biographical Sketch by Robert Lowry, 1898 (5th ed., 1903); and Memories of Eighty Years (1907).
CROSBY, HOWARD: Presbyterian; b. in New York Feb. 27, 1826; d. there Mar. 29, 1891. He was graduated at the University of the City of New York 1844; was professor of Greek there 1851-69, at Rutgers College 1859-63; was also pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of New Brunswick 1861- 1863; pastor of the Fourth Avenue Presbyterian Church, New York, 1863 till his death. From 1870 to 1881 he was chancellor of the New York University; member of the American Bible Revision Committee; moderator of the General Assembly at Baltimore 1873. He advocated Christian union, favored a restriction of wealth, and was outspoken in behalf of temperance in the proper meaning of the word (not total abstinence). He assisted in organizing the Young Men's Christian Association of New York and was its president 1852-56; he was also the chief founder of the Society for the Prevention of Crime in 1877 and its president till his death. Besides occasional pamphlets, articles, etc., he published Lands of the Moslem, travels (New York, 1851); an edition of the (Edipus Tyrannus of Sophocles (1852); The New Testament with Brief Explanatory Notes or Scholia (1863); Social Hints for Young Christians, three sermons (1866); Bible Manual (1870); Jesus, his Life and Work (1871); The Healthy Christian, an appeal to the Church (1871); Thoughts on the Decalogue (Philadelphia, 1873); Expository Notes on the Book of Joshua (New York, 1875); Nehemiah in the American Lange series (1877); The Christian Preacher, Yale lectures on preaching for 1879-80 (1880); The True Humanity of Christ (1880); The New Testament in Both Authorized and Revised Versions Carefully Annotated (Boston, 1885); The Bible View of the Jewish Church (New York, 1888); The Good and Evil of Calvinism (1890); The Seven Churches of Asia, or worldliness in the Church (1890); Will and Providence (1890). A volume of Sermons