THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
no fundamental reform was attained, to remedy the moral corruption of the time. The most important of the laws passed was the one touch- Ecclesiasti- ing papal election; by its terms the cal Reform, cardinals, when a vacancy occurred, were to hold the new election in conclave. Finally, while the council was in progress, negotiations were concluded through Philip of France for the cession to the curia of the County Venaissin, which remained a papal possession until 1791.
From all this it would appear that Gregory X. could point to great results, but they were not enduring. The union with the Greeks soon proved a great delusion; and the time of the crusades was past. Gregory was spared disappointment, however, for he died on Jan. 10, 1276.
Carl Mirbt.
Bibliography: Sources are: Les Registres de Gregoire X. Recueil des bulles de ce pape, . ed. J. Guiraud, Paris, 1S92 sqq.; O. Raynaldus, Annates ecclesiastici, xiv. 188- 246, Cologne, 1692; J. F. Bohmer, Acta imperii selecta, Innsbruck, 1S70: A. Potthast, Regesta pontificum Romanorum, ii. 1651-1703, 2131, 2138, Berlin, 1875.
Lives by three authors are collected in L. A. Muratori, Rer. Ital. script., iii. 1, pp. 597-605, iii. 2, 424-425, 25 vols., Milan, 1723-51. Consult: A. Pichler, Geschichte der kirchlichen Trennung zwischen Orient und Occident, i. 342 sqq., Munich, 1S64; H. Finke, Konzilienstudien zur Geschichte des IS. Jahrhunderts, pp. 1-18, Munster, 1891; F. Walter, Die Politik der Kurie unter Gregor X., Berlin, 1894 ; H. Otto, Die Beziehungen Rudolfs von Hapsburg zu Papst Gregor X., Innsbruck, 1895; J. Loserth, in NA, xxi (1895), 309-310; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, v. 465-473, London, 1897; O. Redlich, Rudolf von Habsburg, Innsbruck, 1903; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, vi. 119 sqq.; related documents in Thatcher and McNeal, Source Book, pp. 260-262; Neander, Christian Church, v. 71-77; Bower, Popes, iii. 15-23; Milman, Latin Christianity, vi. 123-133.
On his relations to the crusades consult: F. Wilken, Geschichte der Kreuzziige, vol. vii., Leipsic, 1832; G. W Cox, The Crusades, p. 217, New York, 1875; J. I. Mombert, Short Hist, of the Crusades, p. 283, ib. 1894; A. von Hirsch-Gereuth, Studien zur Geschichte der Kreuzzugsidee nach den Kreuzziigen, vol. i., Munich, 1896; R. Rohricht, Geschichte des Kbnigreichs Jerusalem, 1100—1291, chap, xxxviii., Innsbruck, 1898.
Gregory XI. (Pierre Roger de Beaufort): Pope 1370-78. He was of the diocese of Limoges, and was chosen pope at Avignon Dec. 30, 1370. He was a nephew of Clement VI. and was made a cardinal in his seventeenth year. As pope he made fruitless efforts at a reunion with the East and against the Turks, and attacked the teachings of Wyclif with vehemence. In response to the entreaties of the Romans, and possibly influenced by St. Catherine of Sienna, he determined to return to Rome and entered the city on Jan. 27, 1377. |fHe died Mar. 27, 1378. Paul Tschackert.
Bibliography: E. Baluzius, Vita; paparum Avenionensium, i. 425-486, 2 vols., Paris, 1693 [(contains a collection of five early lives); A. Ciacconius, Vitce et res gestae Romanorum pontificum, ed. A. Aldoinus, 4 vols., Rome, 1677; J. B. Christoph, Hist, du papaute pendant le xiv. siecle, 3 vols., Paris, 1853; F. Gregorovius, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, vi. 442 sqq., Stuttgart, 1879; Pastor, Popes, i. 100- 116; Bower, Popes, iii. 116-124; Milman, Latin Christianity, vii. 219-226; KL, v. 1136-39.
Gregory XII. (Angelo Corrario): Pope 1406-15. He was of a noble Venetian family and was chosen pope by the Roman cardinals Dec. 2, 1406; but even the cardinals who had voted for him forsook
him. The Council of Pisa deposed him on June 5, 1409, whereupon he, like his rival Benedict XIII. (q.v.) at Avignon, protested against the competency of the council and threatened excommunication. Finally, on July 4, 1415, he resigned and spent the rest of his life as cardinal bishop of Porto. He died Oct. 18, 1417. Paul Tschackert.
Bibliography: A. Ciacconius, Vitce et res gestm Roma-
norum pontificum, ed. A. Aldoinus, 4 vols., Rome, 1677;
A. L. Muratori, Rer. Ital. script., iii. 2, pp. 837-838, 84l',
1118-1119, 25 vols., Milan, 1723-51; J. B. Christoph!
Hist, du papaute pendant le xiv. siecle, 3 vols., Paris, 1853;
Pastor, Popes, i. 175-201; Bower, Popes, iii. 157-167;
Milman, Latin Christianity, vii. 296-317; KL, v. 1139-
1142.
Gregory XIII. (Ugo Buoncompagni) : Pope 1572- 1585. He was born at Bologna in 1502 and for eight years taught canon law at his birthplace. His learning and his services at the Council of Trent procured him the cardinal's hat in 1564, and Spanish influence made him pope six years later. Gregory celebrated the Massacre of St. Bartholomew (1572) by a service of thanksgiving and a commemorative medal. Twenty-three Jesuit colleges were founded by him and he sent the Jesuit Antonio Possevino (q.v.) to Russia to work for a union with the East, besides promoting the missions in India and Japan. He adorned Rome with magnificent churches. In 1582 he received the completed new edition of the Corpus juris canonici (see Canon Law, III.), at which he had himself worked while cardinal, and by the bull of Feb. 13 of the same year he was able to announce the completion of the work of the commission he had appointed to reform the calendar (see Calendar, The Christian, §§ 8-9). The expenses of all his undertakings brought the papal finances into disorder and the procedure of his courts incited the barons of the Papal States (q.v.) to acts of brigandage which he was unable to restrain. He died Apr. 10, 1585. K. Benrath.
Bibliography: The best reference is Ranke, Popes, i. 319 sqq., 185 sqq. Consult further: H. M. Baird, Hist, of the Rise of the Huguenots, ii. 500, 530-534, 564, London, 1880; idem, The Huguenots and Henry of Navarre, i. 28 et passim, New York, 1886; M. Brosch, Geschichte des Kirchenstaates, i. 247 sqq., Gotha, 1880; Philippson, in Deutsche Zeitschrift filr Geschichtswissenschaft, vol. vii., 1892; Bower, Popes, iii. 321-322; KL, v. 1142-45; J. Janssen, Hist, of the German People, p. 112 et passim, London, 1905.
Gregory XIV. (Niciolo Sfondrati): Pope 1590- 1591. He was born in Cremona 1535, and was chosen to succeed Urban VII. Dec. 5, 1590. He was pious and upright, but was wholly under the influence of the Spanish party and the League in France. By excommunicating Henry IV of France he contributed much toward making Henry's return to the Roman Church a political necessity. He died Oct. 15, 1591. K. Benrath.
Bibliography: The Vita by Cicarella is in the later editions of B. Sacchi de Platina, Le Vite de' pontifici, e.g., 4 vols., Venice, 1760-65. Consult: Ranke, Popes, ii. 32-38; H. M. Baird, The Huguenots and Henry of Navarre, ii. 247, 308, New York, 1886; M. Brosch, Geschichte des Kirchenstaates, i. 300 sqq., Gotha, 1880; Bower, Popes, iii. 325; KL, v. 1145-46.
Gregory XV. (Alessandro Ludovisi): Pope 1621-23. He was born in Bologna 1554, and was chosen to succeed Paul V Feb. 9, 1621. His