RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Gregory VIII. -X.
ory died Aug. 22, 1241. He may be called great in his zeal for the Church. That he was blinded by his hatred of Frederick and unscrupulous in his choice of aggressive measures is the blot on his reputation. Carl Mirbt.
Bibliography: Sources for a history are: The Epistolce, in MGH, Epist. scec. xiii., i (1883), 261-739; MGH, Leg., ii 1 (1837), 274-276, 299-300; his treaty of peace with Frederick II., in MGH, Leg., i. 1 (1837), 334-337; Les Registres de Gregoire IX. Recueil des bulles de ce pape . . ed. L. Auvray, Paris, 1890-99; A. Huillard-Breholles, Historia diplomatica Friderici II., 6 vols., Paris, 1852-61 (a collection of documents, letters, etc.); A. Potthast, Regesta pontificum Romanorum, i. 680-939, ii. 2099-2110, 2136-37, Berlin, 1874-75; Vita Gregorii IX., in L. A. Muratori, Script, rer. /to/., iii. 1, pp. 575- 587, 25 vols., Milan, 1723-51, also ed. J. Marx, Berlin, 1889. Pertinent documents are to be found in Thatcher and McNeal, Source Book, pp. 240-259, 590-591, and in Reich, Documents, pp. 266-270, 308-318. Consult: E. Winkelmann, Geschichte Kaiser Friedrichs II. und seiner Reiche, 2 vols., Berlin, 1863-65; A. Pichler, Geschichte der kirchlichen Trennung zwischen dem Orient und Occident, i. 323 sqq., Munich, 1864; B. Haureau, Gregoire IX. et la philosophie d'Aristote, Paris, 1872; P. Balan, Storia di Gregorio IX. e dei suoi tempi, Modena, 1872; H. Reuter, Geschichte der religibsen Aufklarung im Mittelalter, vol. ii., Berlin, 1877; W. Felten, Papst Gregor IX., Freiburg, 1886; C. Rodenberg, Kaiser Friedrich II. und die deutsche Kircfie, in Historische Aufsatze zum Andenken an G. Waitz, pp. 228-248, Hanover, 1886; idem, Die Vorverhandlungen zum Frieden von San Germano, 1229-12S0, in NA, xviii (1892), 177-205; E. Michael, in ZKT, ii (1888), 290-301; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, v. 142-217, London, 1897; M. Halbe, Friedrich II. und der apostolische Stuhl, Berlin, 1896; R. Rohricht, Geschichte des Konigreichs Jerusalem 1100-1291 , pp. 757-796, Innsbruck, 1898; J. Bryce, The Holy Roman Empire, pp. 102, 209, 218, New York, 1904; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, v. 955 sqq.; Neander, Christian Church, iv. 178-183; Bower, Popes, ii. 552-559; Milman, Latin Christianity, v. 321-452.
For his relation to the crusades consult: J. I. Mombert, Short Hist, of the Crusades, pp. 246 et passim, New York, 1894; T. A. Archer and C. L. Kingsford, The Crusades, pp. 380-383, 386, 428, ib. 1895; J. M. Ludlow, The Age of the Crusades, p. 300 et passim, ib. 1896.
Gregory X. (Teobaldo Visconti): Pope 1271-76. He was born in Piacenza in 1210 and was archdeacon of Liege when he was chosen pope on Sept. 1, 1271. The Roman see had been unoccupied for nearly three years (since the death of Clement IV., Nov. 29, 1268), the cardinals in session at Viterbo, divided into a French and an Italian party, being unable to agree until finally they reached a compromise in the election of Teobaldo Visconti. At the time he was in the Holy Land as a crusader. Upon the news of his elevation, he set out from Acre Nov. 19, arrived at Brindisi Jan. 1, 1272, and, after stopping awhile at Viterbo, entered Rome on Mar. 13; he was ordained priest on Mar. 19 and on Mar. 27 received consecration in St. Peter's as Gregory X. On Mar. 31 he ordered a general
council on May 1, 1274, for the aboli-
The tion of the Greek schism, and to abate
Council of the oppression of the Holy Land by the
Lyons, 1274. Saracens and the corruption of morals
among clergy and laity. It was formally decided, on Apr. 13, 1273, that the council should convene at Lyons. Of the princes invited only James I. of Aragon attended in person; but many ambassadors were present, and about sixteen hundred prelates, among whom were five hundred bishops. The first session of the council, V— 5
which is usually designated by the Roman Catholic Church as the Fourteenth Ecumenical Council, was opened on May 7, 1274; the sixth and last session was held on July 17
Gregory cherished peculiar interest for the Holy Land and large resources were obtained from France and England, which enabled A Crusade the new patriarch of Jerusalem whom Attempted. Gregory had installed (Archbishop Thomas of Cosenza) to afford sustenance to the Christian army. Moreover, on the initiative of King Charles of Sicily, a ten years' truce had been concluded in Casarea between Sultan Bibars and King Hugo of Cyprus — at least as far as Ptolemais and Nazareth were concerned. There shortly ensued, however, all kinds of untoward circumstances. Prince Edward of England left the Holy Land; the new patriarch proved incompetent; and the strife between Hugo of Cyprus and Maria of Antioch over the crown of Jerusalem continued. The council failed to support the operations in the East. The pope contrived, indeed, to have a tithe of the church revenues appropriated for six years to the prospective crusade; but no great or adequate action was taken.
Emperor Michael Pateologus of Byzantium had sent ambassadors to Lyons; and to gain Gregory's assistance against the aggressive designs of Charles of Sicily, he evinced great cordiality toward the pope's ecclesiastical plans. The Byzantine delegates accepted the filioque clause in Union the creed; the primacy of Rome was with the acknowledged in an imperial corn- Eastern munication that was read in public; Church, and the logothete took the oath in the emperor's name that he solemnly abjured all schism. In short, the submission to the Roman see was complete.
The Council of Lyons was also important for Gregory's relations with Germany. When, after the death of Richard of Cornwall (Apr. 2, 1272), the surviving pretender, Alfonso of Relations Castile, demanded imperial coronawith tion, the pope held aloof; as he did Germany, with respect to the demand of Philip of France, which was backed by Charles of Sicily. On the other hand, at the close of July, 1273, he addressed to the German electors the mandate to hold a new election promptly, and threatened, were this avoided, himself to appoint a king. Count Rudolph of Hapsburg was accordingly elected at Frankfort, Oct. 1, 1273. King Ottocar of Bohemia lodging a protest against the election it was only after receiving extensive concessions that Gregory gave an affirmative decision in behalf of Rudolph's petition for imperial coronation. The pope had no success in his attempt to move Ottocar of Bohemia to submit to Rudolph; but he succeeded in procuring the renunciation by Alfonso of Castile of all claims to the German empire. Rudolph of Hapsburg was recognized by Gregory in a written proclamation dated Sept. 26, 1274. After further concessions at Lausanne (Oct. 21, 1275), the day for the imperial coronation was set for Feb. 2, 1276.
At least some attempt was also made, although
Gregory XI. -XVI.