RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Gregory XI. -XVI.
nephew Ludovico acted for him and continued with energy the policy of Gregory XIII. The Counterreformation prevailed in Bohemia, Austria, and Hungary. Ferdinand II. and Maximilian of Bavaria were surrounded with Jesuit influences. In France, and even in the Netherlands and at the English court, the restoration of the Roman Catholic Church made progress. A permanent basis for missions outside of Europe was provided by the foundation of the Congregation de propaganda fide, and the conclave was organized in its present form by a constitution of Gregory. He died July 8, 1623.
K. Benrath.
Bibliography: Ranke, Popes, ii. 202 sqq., iii. 333-334; M. Brosch, Geschichte des Kirchenstaates, i. 370 sqq., Gotha, 1880; H. M. Baird, The Huguenots and the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, i. 194-196, New York, 1895; Bower, Popes, iii. 328; KL, v. 1146-48.
Gregory XVI. (Bartolommeo Alberto Cappellari) : Pope 1831-46. He was born at Belluno (51 m. n. of Venice) Sept. 15, 1765, and at eighteen entered the order of Camaldoli. He became increasingly prominent in its affairs, and in 1805 Early Life, was made abbot of the large monastery- Election of San Gregorio in Rome. After the as Pope, breach between Pius VII. and Napo- Feb. 2, 1831. leon he was forced to find shelter in his first monastic home at Murano, just outside of Venice, where he conducted a school for the sons of the upper classes. This he was obliged later to transfer to Padua; but in 1814 he was able to return to San Gregorio, and presently rose to be procurator-general and vicar-general of his order. In 1825 Leo XII. made him a cardinal and prefect of the Propaganda. On the death of Pius VIII. (Dec. 14, 1830), the conclave was divided between Cardinals Pacca and di Gregorio, and only when the friends of the latter showed signs of going over to the reactionary Giustiniani did Pacca's principal supporter Albani turn to Cappellari. Nevertheless, he did not reach the requisite number of votes until Feb. 2, after the duke of Modena had plainly signified the desire of Austria that a choice should be speedily made, in order that pope and emperor might work together to counteract the threatened revolution in central Italy.
Cappellari was hardly crowned as Gregory XVI. before the revolution broke out. Louis Philippe had declared in favor of the policy of The Italian non-intervention in the autumn of Revolution 1830, and the small states of Italy of 1831 and hoped to be allowed to regulate their Its Conse- own affairs. Francis IV of Modena, quences. perhaps in the Austrian interest, had affected to coquet with the revolutionary movement. On the day after the election of Gregory he thought the time had come to act decisively against it. But the next day a formidable rising at Reggio and elsewhere forced him to take refuge in Mantua; at the same time a similar movement showed itself in Bologna, and by Feb. 8 the Italian tricolor had generally replaced the papal flag in that part of the States of the Church. An attempted rising in Rome on the night of Feb. 12-13 was easily suppressed; but outside the city the flood of revolution rose, and Bernetti, the secretary of
state, saw nothing for it but to summon Austria to his aid. By Feb. 25 a strong Austrian force was marching on Bologna; the provisional government fled to Ancona, and it was not long before most of the conspirators (among whom was Louis Napoleon) had taken refuge in foreign countries. Austria felt entitled to make certain demands of the pope, and Bernetti at once promised considerable reforms. When these were not carried out, the five great powers in a joint note of May 21, 1831, demanded the admission of laymen to administrative and judicial offices, the establishment of communal and provincial councils, and a giunta or assembly of notables which should be a guaranty for continuity in the government. Gregory appointed commissions to report on these proposals, in order to gain time. The year 1831 was one of great financial distress in the Papal States, and the public debt rose alarmingly, reaching sixty million scudi by the death of Gregory. Such reforms as were introduced failed to content the populace, and when the Austrian army departed in July, a new revolution was already in contemplation. Deputations from the provinces came to Rome, hoping, with the aid of the foreign ambassadors to compel the execution of the reforms demanded by the powers. Bernetti still temporized and made slight concessions; but in Jan., 1832, Austrian troops had to be summoned once more into the legations. France had already warned Bernetti that this step would be followed by a French occupation of Ancona, which was carried out, in spite of papal protests, on Mar. 21. Casimir-Perier announced that this was done with a view to compelling liberal reforms; but its effect was counterbalanced by the influence of Austria. The universities had been closed the year before and many students had to leave their homes, embittered against the Church. A good idea of the spirit which prevailed in the curia may be gained from the encyclical Mirari vos of Aug. 15, 1832 — a link in the series of declarations which culminated in the encyclical and syllabus of 1864; it was directed especially against Lamennais (q.v.) and against Belgium, which had shortly before adopted a constitution guaranteeing liberty of conscience. Considerable excitement was also caused in Germany by the encyclical Dum acerbissimas of Sept. 26, 1835, condemning Hermesianism (see Hermes, Georg).
An indiscreet note of Bernetti's which came into
Metternich's hands caused his downfall. He was
replaced by the Genoese Lambruschini,
Lambrus- who had been nuncio in Paris during chini the July Revolution, and as a diplomat
Secretary was a pupil of Consalvi's, though with
of State, more churchly feeling. He soon made
The Jesuits himself feared, and the pope was
Suppressed wholly led by him. The Austrians
in France, evacuated Bologna and the French Ancona in 1838, and things seemed quiet; but the revolutionary party was pursuing its work in secret. Mazzini had formed the " Young Italy" party, which, while it did not share the religious belief of the populace, still coupled the name of God with that of the people in its appeals. The neo-Guelph party which arose in the forties, under the leadership of Gioberti and Count Cesare
Gregory XVI. Gregory of Montelongo