THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Balbo, adhered to the teachings of the Church, and could have no concord with a liberalism hostile to the Holy See. Lambruschini, however, had no greater sympathy for the neo-Guelphs than for Young Italy; and relations began to be strained between Rome and France. Gregory XVI. caused uneasiness in Paris by his frank sympathy with the duke of Bordeaux and the Legitimist cause. The government began to be suspicious of French Ultramontanism, and the students in the College de France applauded Michelet and Quinet when they attacked the Jesuits. Guizot sent Pellegrino Rossi to Rome to induce the pope to withdraw his support from the order. At first it seemed a hopeless task; but the curia gradually came to see that the Jesuits must be less prominent. Louis Philippe frankly told the nuncio in Paris that he was not prepared to risk his crown for the sake of the order, and Lambruschini finally yielded. In July, 1845, the order was suppressed in France and its houses closed.
Meantime the revolution had lifted its head once more at Bologna and Rimini in 1S43. Luigi Carlo Farini issued a manifesto which called Later for an amnesty, juster penal laws, and Events in a share in the government; Massimo Italy. d'Azeglio and Gino Capponi published Gregory's notable appeals. Lambruschini's an- Merits. swer was the exercise of still greater severity, and d'Azeglio was banished from Tuscany at his request. The Jesuit question came up in Italy also. Some expressions of Gioberti in his Prolegomeni al Primato (1845) called forth a defense of the order from Francesco, brother of Silvio Pellico, and Curci; Gioberti was not silenced, but began to collect material for his thoroughgoing work II Gesuita moderno (8 vols., Paris, 1846-47). Before it was published, however, Gregory XVI., already failing in health, died June 1, 1846. He was a friend of all the monastic orders, and did much to prepare for the definition of the immaculate conception. Stiff and unyielding in his ecclesiastical policy, he came into serious conflict with Prussia over the mixed marriage question (see Droste-Vischering), and by the encyclical Inter prcecipuas of May 8, 1844, condemned the Bible societies and the newly formed Evangelical Allicance. He was a liberal patron of art and letters; he established the Etruscan and Egyptian collections of the Vatican, and laid the foundation for the Lateran museum of Christian antiquities.
(F. NlELSENf.) Bibliography: M. N. Maynard, Jacques Cretineau-Joly, Paris, 1S75; M. Brosch, Geschichte des Kirckenstaates, ii. 337 sqq., Gotha, 1882; C. Sylvain, Gregoire XVI. et son pontificat, Paris, 1889; J. J. I. von Dollinger, Kirche und Kirchen, pp. 561 sqq., Munich, 1861; idem, Das Papsttum, pp. 234 sqq., ib. 1892; C. Mirbt, Die preussische Gesandtschaft am Hofe des Papstes, pp. 28 sqq., Leipsic, 1899; F. Nippold, The Papacy in the 19th Century, pp. 82, 93, 95, 112, New York, 1900; F. Nielsen, Hist, of the Papacy in the 19th Century, 2 vols., ib. 1906; Bower, Popes, iii. 470-472; KL, v. 1148-56. For the Encyclicals of Gregory consult the Eng. transls. which appeared Dublin, 1833. London, 1838; The Encyclical Letter of . Pope Gregory XVI. . . issued May 8th, 1844, Lat. text, Ital. trans!., London, 1844; A Voice from Rome Answered by an American Citizen. A Review of the Encyclical, Philadelphia, 1844 (with the text); L. Rupert, La Liberty moderne jugee par Veglise. Encyclique de Gregoire XVI., Paris, 1862.
GREGORY (Gk. Gregorios): The name of several patriarchs of Constantinople, the most important being the following:
Gregory III.: Patriarch 1445-48; d. at Rome 1459. He was a Cretan by origin, and bore the epithets of Mamas, Melissenus, and Strategopulus. As protosyncellus of the patriarch of Constantinople and confessor of the Emperor John VIII., Palaologus, he attended the council held at Florence for a union of the Greek and Roman Churches (see Ferrara-Florence, Council of). Originally orthodox, he now became an adherent of the Roman party, and after his return was appointed patriarch. On the death of the emperor in 1448, however, he was forced to resign, spending the remainder of his life at Rome. In defense of the union he wrote his three works, "Apology for the Confession of Ephesus"; "Apology for the Epistle of Ephesus"; and "To the King of Trebizond." His sole argument for union was its harmony with the teachings of the Church Fathers.
Bibliography: The three works are in MPG, clx. 13-248. Consult Fabricius-Harles, Bibliotheca Graca, xi. 393- 394, Hamburg, 1808; Krumbacher, Geschichte, p. 119.
Gregory V.: Patriarch 1797-98, 1806-08,1818- 1821; b. at Dimitzana (40 m. n.w. of Sparta) 1745; d. at Constantinople Apr. 22, 1821. He was educated at Athens, Smyrna, and Patmos, and in 1785 was consecrated metropolitan of Smyrna, becoming patriarch of Constantinople twelve years later. In the following year the intrigues of the clergy forced him to resign, although he ruled again from 1806 to 1808. His third patriarchate lasted from 1818 to his strangulation by the order of the Sultan. The manner of his death has caused Gregory to be regarded as the martyr of Greek freedom, although he took no part in the uprising of his fellow countrymen, and his attitude toward the Greek movement for independence was unsympathetic. As patriarch, he promoted the welfare of his Church in all ways, and particularly by education. He made Romaic translations of the nine homilies of Basil on the hexaemeron (Constantinople, 1807), as well as the addresses of Chrysostom on the priesthood (new edition by J. Papadopulos, Smyrna, 1879), and he is also said to have edited the "Ethics" of Basil in 1807
Bibliography: Accounts of his life, in'Greek, appeared at Athens in 1853 and, in 2 vols., 1865.
Gregory VL: Patriarch 1835-40, 1867-71; b. Mar. 13, 1798; d. at Constantinople June 20, 1881. His entire tendency was reactionary and devoted to the purification of the Greek Church from all foreign elements. In this spirit he waged an unceasing war against the Occidental churches, both Protestant and Roman Catholic, as well as against every liberal movement within his own communion, so that he may almost be said to have given his impression to the present Greek Orthodox Church. Important factors in this struggle were his decrees, which have been collected by Gedeon and partially translated into German by Wenger. (Philipp Meyer.)
Bibliography: J. Wenger, Beitrage zur Kennlniss des gegenwartigen Geistes und Zustandes der griechischen Kirche in Griechenland und der Turkey, Berlin, 1839; M. I. Gedeon, naTptapxiKoiiriVeuces, Constantinople, n.d.; idem, KavoviKal fiiarafeis, 2 vols., ib. 1888-89.