RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Gregory XVI. Gregory of Montelongo
GREGORY OF ELVIRA: Bishop of Elvira, in Spain (hence called Bceticus, the "Andalusian"); fl. c. 357-384. He was one of the stanchest western adherents of the Nicene Creed. He rigorously opposed Hosius of Cordova (q.v.) when the latter returned from exile; and stood firmly in relation to the Homoian party at the synod of Ariminum, 359. Afterward he joined Lucifer of Calaris (q.v.), and became one of the leaders of the Luciferians. It seems probable that Gregory composed the socalled Tractatus Origenis (ed. P. Batiffol, Paris, 1900), and "Five Homilies on Canticles" (ed. G. Heine, in Bibliotheca anecdotorum, Leipsic, 1848). He is the probable source, besides, of a brief tract, De fide, generally attributed to Ambrose (Vigilius of Thapsus, Phcebordius of Agennum, MPL, xx. 31; cf. Jerome, De vir. ill., cv.). Moreover, Kattenbusch holds that to Gregory should be credited Exhortatio sancti Ambrosii episcopi ad neophytos de symbolo (cf. C. P. Caspari, Quellen zur Geschichte des Taufsymbols, ii. 128-182, Christiania, 1869).
G. Kruger.
Bibliography: F. Kattenbusch, Das apostolische Symbol, 2 vols, Leipsic, 1894-1900 (consult Index); G. Morin, in Revue de Vhistoire et de litterature religieuses, 1900, pp. 145-161; A. Wilmaert, in Bulletin de la litterature ecclesiastique, 1906, pp. 233-299; DCB, ii. 739-740.
GREGORY OF HEIMBURG: German popular reformer; b.atSchweinfurt (22 m. n.n.e. of Wiirzburg) about the beginning of the fifteenth century; d. at Dresden 1472. His importance has been overestimated; he was no " forerunner of the Reformation," still less "a civil Luther." As a youth he devoted himself to legal and humanistic studies and took the degree of doctor of civil and canon law at Padua about 1430. Upon his return to Germany he practised law, and was present at Basel during the sessions of the Council, becoming acquainted there with .<Eneas Sylvius Piccolomini (afterward Pope Pius II.). In 1435 he was elected syndic of Nuremberg and held this influential position till 1461. He often had an opportunity to play a part in public affairs, and to work for the diminution of the influence of the Italian papacy in Germany. In 1446 he headed a delegation which the German electors sent to Pope Eugenius IV. Angered by the ill success of his mission, he wrote against the curia, after his return, his Admonitio de injustis usurpationibus paparum. When ^Eneas Sylvius was elected pope in 1458, his antipapal spirit became even more aggressive. The new pope convoked a meeting of the German princes at Mantua in 1459, at which Gregory was present as the representative of Sigismund of Austria to oppose the crusade projected by Pius against the Turks, and where he even delivered a mocking discourse against the pope. Pius soon found an opportunity to take vengeance. When Duke Sigismund of the Tyrol had fallen out with Nicholas of Cusa, cardinal bishop of Brixen, and had been excommunicated by the pope (June 1, 1460), Gregory pleaded his cause. Pius II. now excommunicated Gregory also, and, in a brief dated Oct. 18, 1460, requested the city council of Nuremberg to expel the offender and to confiscate his property. Gregory replied in a stern appeal to a future council. In 1464 Nicholas of Cusa and Pius
II. died. Sigismund had made his peace with the pope shortly before and had obtained absolution, but Gregory remained under the ban, which obliged him to leave the court of the duke of Austria. He went to Bohemia to King George Podiebrad, in whose interest he continued to oppose the papacy in controversial writings. The death of his protector drove Gregory from Bohemia, and he now fixed his residence in Saxony, whose dukes had asked his advice on former occasions. When Sixtus IV ascended the papal throne, he obtained absolution, and died in the same year. His polemical works were published under the title Scripta nervosa justiticeque plena (Frankfort, 1608).
Paul Tschackert.
Bibliography: J. M. Dux, Nicolaus von Cusa, especially book iv., 2 vols., Regensburg, 1848; C. Broekhaus, Gregor von Heimburg, Leipsic, 1861; A. Jager, Her Streit des Nicolaus von Cusa mit dem Herzog Sigmund von Oesterreich, 2 vols., Innsbruck, 1861; G. Voigt, JEnea Silvio de' Piccolomini, ii. 349-351, Berlin, 1862; C. Uhlmann, Reformers before the Reformation, i. 195-202, Edinburgh, 1874; Lorenz, DGQ, i. 226, ii. 382-384; P. Joachimson, Gregor Heimburg, Bamberg, 1891; Pastor, Popes, iii. 184- 192 et passim; Creighton, Papacy, iii. 32, 76-81, 256- 265 et passim; KL, v. 1648-52; ADB, xi. 327.
GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR. See Armenia, HI., § 2.
GREGORY OF MONTELONGO: Patriarch of Aquileja; d. at Cividale (70 m. n.e. of Venice), in Friuli, Italy, Aug. 31, 1269. He is mentioned first in 1213 as canon of the church of Vercelli, then in 1231 as subdeacon in the March of Ancona. In 1238 he appears as a Roman notary and subdeacon, first as papal nuncio, then as apostolic legate for Lombardy, Romagna, and Treviso. Montelongo was a bitter opponent of the house of Hohenstaufen and contributed not a little to the downfall of Frederick II. and his partizans. After Frederick was excommunicated in 1239, Montelongo frustrated his attack upon the city of Milan, and here laid the foundation of his military fame. The capture of Ferrara in the following year was also essentially the work of Montelongo. He alienated the city of Vercelli in 1243 from the margrave of Montferrat, and later the neighboring Novara from the emperor. In 1247 he captured Parma, led its defense with great ability, and by a sudden attack dispersed the imperial army. By this victory the supremacy of the papal party in Lombardy was restored. In 1251 Montelongo was appointed patriarch of Aquileja, and it became his task to defend his extensive diocese against the Hohenstaufens, the counts of Gorz, Tyrol, and Carinthia, against Eccelino II. of Romano, and the Venetians, though his expeditions against them were not always successful. At the same time he kept a watchful eye on Lombardy. In 1252 he aided Parma against Uberto Pellavicini; in 1256, with the archbishop of Ravenna, he took possession of Padua, which thus far had been under the sway of Eccelino. After the death of Eccelino in 1259, Treviso, Vicenza, and Bassano joined the papal party owing to the efforts of Montelongo, and the adherents of Eccelino in his patriarchate also submitted to his rule. The latter years of Montelongo's life were darkened by continual dissensions with the counts of Gorz, the bai-
Gregory Nazianzen