THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
peasants and read it in the old rimed chronicles of the Middle Ages and in collections of popular proverbs and heroic songs. Many found his new language too artificial and affected, and for some years Grundtvig's activity as a poet ceased, but when he resumed his pen, he had mastered his mother tongue as never before. From this later period of his life principally have proceeded the folk-songs and hymns which are now sung in Danish schools and churches and have exercised such a strong influence upon Danish national and ecclesiastical life.
In 1S21 he resumed his clerical activity as pastor of Prsesto, a small town in southern Seeland, and the next year he was called to the chaplaincy at the Church of our Savior in Copenhagen. He looked with anxiety at the growing doubt of the learned concerning the origin and authenticity of the Bible,
and was disturbed by assertions that
Later the fundamental doctrines of the
Clerical Church — the Trinity, the divinity of
Activity. Christ, and the Atonement — are not in
the Bible at all. He sought for a sure, universal, and powerful testimony, valid for the layman and the scholar alike, and found it in the Apostles' Creed. In 1825 he became involved in a controversy with H. N. Clausen, professor in Copenhagen, the representative of the reigning rationalism, in which his violent language occasioned a civil suit as a result of which he was sentenced to pay a fine, and forbidden to publish without permission of the royal censor. From that day a party of " Grundtvigians " existed in the Danish Church.
In 1828 Grundtvig's second retirement began. He now devoted himself to the study of the history of the world. He published Kronike-Riim til Borne-Lcerdorn ("History in Rime for Children," Copenhagen, 1829), and Haandbog i Verdenshistorien ("Handbook of the World's History," 3 parts, 1833). In 1829, 1830, and 1831 he visited
England to study the Anglo-Saxon
Second manuscripts, and gave a powerful im-
Retirement. pulse to the study of Anglo-Saxon
Later there. The individual liberty in Eng-
Work and land made a deep impression upon
Interests, him, and after his return to Denmark
he worked for its realization in his own country and advocated the erection of schools "for popular scientific training and civil education." He visited England again in 1843, and his travels deeply influenced his views concerning the Danish Church. The great problem for him became to preserve the State Church and yet allow the life of the church to develop as fretly as possible. He advocated liberty of doctrine and rite among the pastors, and maintained that laymen should be at liberty to sever their parochial connection and join another parish, to legalize which a law was enacted in 1855 and amplified in 1868. In 1839 Grundtvig was made chaplain of the Vartov (a home for aged indigents) in Copenhagen. It was essentially a free congregation within the national Church. He translated certain Psalms as well as Greek, Latin, Anglo-Saxon, English, and German hymns, and also made slight changes in the expression of the
Danish hymns. In this way originated his Sang- Vcerk til den Danske KirLc ("Hymn-Book for the Danish Church," Copenhagen, 1837), which gave to song in the Danish churches a new and very original character. Although Grundtvig never had support among the leading bishops of Denmark, his influence upon the Church increased greatly during the last thirty years of his life. At the fiftieth anniversary of his ordination (1861) the king conferred upon him the title of bishop with the rank of the bishop of Seeland.
(L. Schroder.)
Bibliography: J. Kaftan, Grundtvig, der Prophet des Nordens, Basel, 1876; H. Brun, Biskop N. F. S. Grundtvigs Levnetslob, 2 vols., Kolding, 1879-82.
GRUSCHA, gru'sha, ANTON JOSEF: Roman Catholic cardinal; b. at Vienna, Austria, Nov. 3, 1820. After the completion of his studies he was in charge of various parishes and instructor in religion at the Theresianum gymnasium of his native city. He was then cathedral preacher and for many years was the confessor of the Archduchess Sophie. In 1863 he was appointed professor of pastoral theology at the University of Vienna and fifteen years later was made apostolic chaplain of the Austrian army and consecrated titular bishop of Carrhae. In 1890 he was enthroned prince archbishop of Vienna, and in the following year was created cardinal priest of Santa Maria degli Angeli. Throughout his life he has been deeply interested in the cause of the working men, and is a member of the Roman Congregations of the Propaganda, Index, Discipline, and Indulgences.
GRYN^EUS, gri-ni'us (GRYNER): A family of Swabian origin which produced several celebrated Reformed theologians.
1 . Simon Gryn us was born at Vehringen (40 m. s. of Stuttgart), Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, 1493; d. at Basel Aug. 1, 1541. He studied at Pforzheim and at the University of Vienna and became professor of Latin (1524) and of Greek (1526) at Heidelberg. In 1529 he was summoned to Basel to succeed Erasmus, who had left the city upon the introduction of the Reformation. Delay in the reorganization of the university, which was not effected till 1531, afforded him opportunity for a journey to England, where he was entrusted by Henry VIII. with the task of obtaining the sanction of the Reformed theologians to the king's desired divorce from Catherine of Aragon. This favorable attitude to Henry's plans, which he shared with the majority of Swiss theologians, he was induced to change by the influence of Butzer. After the death of CEcolampadius in 1531 Grynaeus refused to contend with Myconius for the post of antistes of the church in Basel, but received in addition to his chair in Greek the appointment of extraordinary professor in theology, in which capacity he delivered lectures on New Testament exegesis. In 1534 he was entrusted by Duke Ulrich of Wurttemberg with the establishment of the Reformation in his territories and the reorganization of the University of Tubingen. In 1536 he took part in the drawing up of the so-called First Helvetic (Second Basel) Confession and in 1540 was the only Swiss represent-