THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Bibliography: His letters and writings are in great part collected in J. H. Hottinger, Schola T'murinorum Carolina, pp. 115 s-qq.. Zurich, 1664. Consult: G. R. Zimmermann, Die Ziircher Kirche 1518-1819, pp. 73-103, Zurich, 1S7S; ADB, x. 239; S. II. Jackson, Huldreich Zwingli, pp. 360-361, New York, 1903.
GUARDIAN: The usual title of the superior of a Franciscan convent.
GUASTALLIN.E, gwSs"taI-li'ni or -ne. See An-
GELICALS.
GUATEMALA. See Central America.
GUDEA. See Babylonia, VI., 3, § 3.
GUEDER, ge'der, EDUARD: Swiss clergyman and theological writer; b. at Walperswyl, near Nidau (16 m. n.w. of Bern), June 1, 1817; d. at Bern July 14, 1SS2. He was educated at Bern and Berlin, and after acting as vicar and pastor at Bienne, where as a representative of orthodox dogma and practise he came into conflict with the prevalent revolutionary ideals, he became pastor of the Nydeck church at Bern and attained repute as an eloquent preacher and an active participant in church politics. From 1859 to 1865 he lectured on the New Testament at the university, assuming, in contrast to the majority of his colleagues, the standpoint of dogmatic orthodoxy. In the theological controversies that followed the publication of Langhans' Heilige Schrift in 1866, Glider showed himself consistently the champion of the traditional interpretation of the Scriptures, and was successful in winning over the synod to his views. The law of 1874 effecting the separation of church and state encountered in him an uncompromising opponent, but the high esteem in which he was held by friends and opponents alike induced him to remain in the service of a church which, crippled as he conceived it to be, was still dear to him. Of his theological publications the principal are Die Lehre von der Erscheinung Christi unter den Toten (Bern, 1853) and an edition of Schneckenburger's V ergleichende Darstellung des lutherischen und reformierten Lehrbegriffs (Stuttgart, 1855). (P GuDERf.)
Bibliography: P. Giider, E. Gilder, sein Leben und Wirken, Bern, 1886.
GUENEE, ge"ne', ANTOINE: /rench Roman Catholic controversialist; b. at Etampes (35 m. s.s.w. of Paris) Nov. 23, 1717; d. at Fontainebleau (37 m. s.s.e. of Paris) Nov. 27, 1803. He studied in Paris and for twenty years was professor of rhetoric at the College du Plessis there. To learn modern languages he traveled extensively in England, Germany, and Italy. He translated several works from the English and wrote among other works of less importance, Lettres de quelques Juifs portugais, cdlemands et polonais a M. de Voltaire (4 vols., Paris, 1709; Eng. transl., Letters of Certain Jews to Monsieur de Voltaire, 2 vols., Dublin, 1777), a refutation of Voltaire's attack on the Bible, and the best book produced by the Roman Catholics against the French skepticism of the eighteenth century. For this work Guenee was made a canon in the cathedral of Amiens and afterward was attached to the chapel of Versailles by Cardinal de la Roche- Aymon.
Bibliography: A biographical preface by Dacier is to be found in the ed. of Paris, 1815, cf. Voltaire, (Eurrcs cntnplites, vol. x., Paris, 1863; Lichtenberger, ESR, v. 750- 758.
GUENTHER, gwen'ter, ANTON: Roman Catholic philosopher and theologian; b. at Lindenau, near Leitmcritz (34 m. n.n.w. of Prague), Bohemia, Nov. 17, 1783; d. at Vienna Feb. 24, 1863. He studied philosophy and jurisprudence at Prague and theology in the academy at Raab, Hungary. In 1820 he received consecration as a priest and in 1822 entered the Jesuit cloister of Starawies, in Galicia. After a two years' noviciate he went to Vienna, where he spent the rest of his life as a private priest and (till 1848) censor of philosophical and juridical books. When his own works were placed on the Index in 1857 he submitted to the ecclesiastical authority. As a philosopher his aim was to effect a reconciliation between knowledge and faith, and place the dogmas of the Roman Catholic Church on a firm philosophical foundation. For current pantheism he substituted dualism, on the basis of which he sought to show that God exists outside of the world, that he can not be identified with his creation. The two opposing principles in the world, which is objectified by God, are nature and spirit, and man is the synthesis of both of these. Of his works the more important are: Vorschule zur spekulativen Theologie des positiven Christentums (2 vols., Vienna, 1828-29; 2d ed., 1848); Peregrins Gastmahl (1830); Siid- und Nordlichter am Horizonte spekulaliver Theologie (1832); Thomas a Scrupulis. Zur Transfiguration der Personlichkeits-Pantheismen der neuesten Zeit (1835); and Die Juste-Milieus in der deutschen Philosophie gegenwartiger Zeit (1838) .
Bibliography: P. Knoodt, Anton Giinther, 2 vols., Vienna, 1881; F. H. Reusch, Der Index der verbotenen Bilcher, ii. 1121-1125, Bonn, 1885.
GUERICKE, ge-ri'ke, HEINRICH ERNST FER- DINAND: German Lutheran theologian; b. at Wettin (15 m. n.e. of Elberfeld) Feb. 25, 1803; d. Halle Feb. 4, 1878. He studied at the University of Halle and in recognition of his biography of August Hermann Francke (Halle, 1827), and his Beitrdge zur historisch-kritischen Einleitung ins Neue Testament (1828-31) he was appointed associate professor at Halle in 1829. He was a zealous student of the history of theology, and published several works which attained much popularity. Among these may be mentioned: Handbuch der Kirchengeschichte (Halle, 1833; Eng. transl., A Manual of Church History, Andover, 1857); Allgemeine christliche Symbolik (Leipsic, 1839); Historisch-kritische Einleitung in das Neue Testament (1843; 3d ed., entitled Neutestamentliche Isagogik, 1867); and Lehrbuch der christlich-kirchlichen Archaologie (1S47; Eng. transl., Manual of the Antiquities of the Church, London, 1851). In 1834 he was ordained pastor of a small congregation at Halle, but when this congregation emigrated to America a few years later he returned to his professorship, and in 1840 he founded, together with Dr. Rudelbach, the Zeitschrift fur die gesammte lulherische Theologie und Kirche, of which he was associate editor until his death. His life of Francke was translated into English, London, 1837.