RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Grrundtvig: G-ualther
ative at the Conference of Worms. He died of the plague in the following year. Grynaeus was one of the greatest scholars of his time; in Greek especially few were his rivals. As a theologian he distinguished himself by his broad knowledge, clear insight, and repugnance for controversy.
2. Johann Jakob Grynaeus, grandnephew of Simon, was born at Bern Oct. 1, 1540; d. at Basel Aug. 13, 1617 He studied at the universities of Basel and Tubingen, and in 1565 succeeded his father in the pastorate at Rotelen near Basel, whence he went to the city, in 1575, as professor of the Old Testament at the university. At this time he definitely abandoned his Lutheran views on the Eucharist. In 1584 he was entrusted by the Elector Palatine John Casimir with the reorganization of the University of Heidelberg, but returned to Basel in 1586 as successor to Sulzer in the post of antistes of the church. Connected with this office were the duties of pastor at the cathedral, president of the city clergy, archdeacon of the territory of Basel, and professor of theology at the university. In the internal history of the church at Basel his administration is important as marking the downfall of the movement toward Lutheranism fostered by Sulzer and the assimilation of the doctrines of the church of Basel with that of the other Swiss churches. The Basel Confession of 1534, set aside by Sulzer, was reissued by Grynaeus in 1590. Blindness, which overtook him in 1612, did not prevent him from continuing his duties as pastor and professor.
3. Johann Grynaeus (1705-44) was an Orientalist of note and one of the founders of the Frey-Grynaean Institute at Basel.
4. Simon Grynaeus (1725-99), the last of the name, is known as a translator of antideistic writings from French and English, and as the author of a Bible version in the taste of his time (Basel,
1776). (R. STAHELINf.)
Bibliography: 1. The Literce, with an index of the works of Simon Grynaeus, were edited by G. T. Streuber, Basel, 1847, who in the Basler Taschenbuch for 1853 wrote a sketch of the life. Consult also R. Thommen, Geschichte der Universitat Basel 1632-1632, Basel, 1889.
2. The Epistolce familiares of J. J. Grynaeus, ed. S. A. Apinus, appeared Frankfort, 1715; a Vita, by J. J. and H. a Brun, gathered from his own writings, was published Basel, 1618. Consult K. R. Hagenbach, Kritische Geschichte . . der ersten Basler Confession, pp. 137-156, Basel, 1827; idem, Die theologische Schule Basels, pp. 16- 17, ib. 1860; R. Thommen, ut sup., pp. 117-131.
GUALBERTO, gwal-bar'to, GIOVANNI: Florentine nobleman, founder of the Order of Vallombrosa; b. in Florence 985; d. July 12, 1073. According to tradition, his father sent him to avenge the murder of a kinsman, and on Good Friday he found the assassin in a defile. The murderer, however, in his prayer for mercy, raised his arms in the form of a cross, whereupon his life was spared. Gualberto then hastened to the church of the Benedictine monastery of San Miniato near Florence, where he knelt in prayer before the crucifix. In recognition of his act of mercy, the head of Jesus bowed to him, and he then resolved to consecrate himself to the Church and the service of God. In 1038 he became a monk, but before long joined the hermits of Camaldoli (see Camaldolites), only
to leave them shortly afterward with the intention of founding an order of his own for contemplative piety. With two other hermits, he began the execution of his plans in the valley of Aquabella or Vallombrosa (whence his order was to take its name) near Camaldoli, and there he was soon joined by others. Gualberto's order won such approval that it soon attained considerable strength, and was divided by its founder into religious, lay brothers, and laity, the second class being apparently first introduced by him. At the time of the founder's death, the order possessed seven monasteries, and when he was canonized by Celestine III. in 1193 they had increased to about sixty, all in Italy, except the French abbey of Corneillac near Orleans. A reform in the discipline of the order, which had become lax, was begun by Eugenius IV. and completed by Pius II. in 1463, while from 1662 to 1680 the monks were united with the Sylvestrians. The original habit of the monks of Vallombrosa was gray, but under Abbot Blasius of Milan they assumed a brown habit, which was temporarily changed to black during their union with the Sylvestrians. In the thirteenth century Rosana Altimonte (Sister Humilitas; d. 1310) founded at Faenza a female branch of the order of Vallombrosa, whose last cloister of San Salvi existed in Florence until 1869. (O. Zockler-)-.)
Bibliography: The early Vitas, with the Miracula and commentary, are in ASB, July, iii. 311-458. Consult also: F. Ughelli, Italia sacra, iii. 294, 10 vols., Venice, 1717-22; O. Delarc, in Revue des questions historigues, xliii (1888), 5-60; E. Acerbi, Vita di S. Giovanni Gualberto, Florence, 1S89; Neander, Christian Church, iii. 398-399. On the order consult: Helyot, Ordres monastiques, v. 298-321; Heimbucher, Orden und Kongregationen, i. 408-414.
GUALTHER, gu-oltar (WALTHER), RUDOLF: Third antistes of the Church of Zurich; b. at Zurich Nov. 9, 1519; d. there Dec. 25, 1586. From 1538 to 1541 he studied at Basel, Strasburg, Lausanne, and Marburg, and in 1542 was appointed pastor of St. Peter in Zurich and remained in that position until his death. His sermons represented the transition from the free homily of the Reformers to the more artistic manner of later times. As assistant of Bullinger he rendered great services in the leadership of the Zurich Church and in the cultivation of active relations with the Reformed Churches of all countries. In 1575 he succeeded Bullinger as antistes. Of his literary works may be mentioned especially his homilies and expositions of the Bible, which appeared in great number and many editions, almost yearly. He edited vols, i.-iii. of the first edition of the works of Zwingli (his father-in-law), translated more than thirty of his German writings into Latin, and prefixed an Apologia pro Zwinglio et operum eius editione (also published separately). Another work was Oiketjjc; seu servus ecclesiasticus , de officio ministrorum ecclesiastico oratio (1548). He wrote poems on Simon Grynaeus and Margaretha Blaurer (qq.v.), a work on metrics entitled De syllabarum et carminum ratione libri ii (1542); Argumenta omnium turn Veteris turn Novi Testamenti capitum elegia cocarmine conscripta (1543); and even attempted a drama, Nabal comcedia sacra (1562).
(Emil Egli.)
Guardian Guiana