THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
French Guiana: F. Bouyer, La Guyane francaise. Paris, 1867; E. Nibaut, Guyane irancaise, ib. 1882; P. Mury, Lea Jesuites h Cayenne, Strasburg, 1895.
GUIBERT, gi"bar', OF NOGENT: Abbot of Nogent (Xogent-sous-Coucy, near Laon, 75 m. n.e. of Paris); b. at Clermont (40 m. n. of Paris) 1053; d. at Nogent between 1121 and 1124. At the age of twelve he entered the monastery of Flay, where he received a classical and theological education, and came under the influence of Anselm, then prior of Bee. In 1104 he was made abbot of St. Mary's monastery at Nogent and remained there the rest of his life. He was first of all a moralist, and hence cultivated moralizing Scripture exposition, which seemed to him especially necessary in a time when faith was unshaken, but morals were much on the decline (De vita sua, i. 17, p. 876). He is not to be counted, however, among the enlighteners, but is rather a true child of his time, deeply sunk in its superstition. Of interest among his writings is the Liber quo ordine sermo fieri debeat which strenuously opposes the prevalent repugnance to preaching. Guibert advised placing the moral and psychological elements into the foreground of the sermon, and held that no manner of preaching was more salutary than that which presented man's own picture to his mind. The pretense of the monks of St. Medard that they had a tooth of Christ induced him to write De pignoribus sanctorum. He by no means attacks the worship of relics, but demands that one should first be convinced of the genuineness of the relics and the holiness of those from whom they come. He disapproves of the exhuming of the bodies of the saints and the dismemberment of these bodies. He denies entirely the existence of physical parts of Christ, since his earthly body has been completely transfigured. In the second book he defends most energetically the doctrine of transubstantiation, and the doctrine of the necessary inlentio of the priest is here found. Guibert was also the first to write an extensive history of the first crusade — Historice qua? dicitur gesta Dei per Francos sive historia Hierosolymitana, from 1095 to the end of 1099, written about 1108; it was founded on an earlier narrative by a crusader, which Guibert enlarged from the oral communications of others and, as he thought, improved. His statements are not always reliable, but the book as a whole is an important historical source. Guibert also wrote a kind of autobiography, Monodiarum sive de vita sua libri Hi. The first book only, which reaches to his election as abbot, is biographical; it is written after the plan of Augustine's "Confessions," and treats of his errors and his repentance through the divine grace. The second book contains historical material on the monastery at Nogent, relates Guibert's election, and tells monks' stories. The most interesting part is the third book, a description of the doings of the unworthy bishop Galderich of Laon and of the controversies between him and the community of Laon. S. M. Deutsch.
Bibliography: Guibert'a works were edited, with notes, by L. d'AcheYy, Paris, 1651, and are reprinted thence in MPI., clvi. Consult: J. Mabillon, Annates ordinis S. BenediHi, books Ix.-lxiv.; J. A. Fabricius, Bitdiotheca Latina media: el infinite aetatis, book vii. 362-368; Histoire UttCraire de la France, x. 433 sqq.; li. F. Iteuter,
Geschichte der religibsen Aufklarung im Mittelalter, i. 143 sqq., Berlin, 1875; J. Michaud, Bibliotheque des croisades i. 122 sqq., Paris, 1829; idem, Histoire des croisades, vi' 88 sqq.. Pari?, 1841; H. C. L. von Sybel, Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzugs, pp. 33, 36, Dusseldorf, 1841; T. A Archer and C. L. Kingsford, The Crusades, pp. 26, 34- 35, 440, New York, 1895; Gibbon, Decline and Fall, vi. 266, 292; Moeller, Christian Church, ii. 323-324, 332, 373- Neander, Christian Church, iv. 124 sqq., et passim.
GUIBERT OF RAVENNA: Archbishop of that city and antipope (Clement III.) 1080-1100; b. in Parma c. 1025; d. at Civita Castellana (19 m. s.e. of Viterbo) Sept. 8, 1100. He was the descendant of a noble Italian family, and entered political service as chancellor for Italy, officiating from 1057- 1063. After the death of Nicholas II. in 1061 he openly separated from the curial party and induced the bishops of Lombardy to protest against the election of Alexander II. and to ally themselves with the secular court. The election of Bishop Cadalus of Parma as antipope at Basel, Oct. 1061, took place probably in his presence and corresponded to his conception of the situation. The resolution of the Synod of Augsburg which led to the acknowledgment of Alexander II. did not have his consent, and probably for this reason he resigned his chancellorship after that synod. For the next ten years he seems to have lived in Parma. Though his name was not prominent during this period, the German court did not lose sight of him. In 1072, at the intercession of the empress, Henry IV made him archbishop of Ravenna. In the beginning of the pontificate of Gregory VII. Guibert seems to have cooperated with the pope, but probably as early as 1074 he took the side of the opposition. As he absented himself from the synod of 1075, Gregory VII. suspended him from his office. In 1080 the imperial party elected him antipope, but it was not till Mar. 24, 1084, that he reached Rome and was enthroned in the Lateran Church. The German episcopate acknowledged him as pope at the Synod of Mainz, April, 1085; but his elevation did not bring to the emperor that increase of power which he expected.
Personally Guibert was respected by friend and foe, but he lacked the initiative necessary for a champion of the imperial cause. He remained faithful to Henry IV., and on March 31, 1084, crowned him king, but was never able to exercise a decisive influence upon the condition of the Church.
(A. Hatjck.) Bibliography: Jaffe\ Regesta, 1. 649-655; O. Kbhncke, Wibert von Ravenna, Leipsic, 1888; Schaff, Christian Church, v. i, pp. 41, 61 sqq., 73, 75; Milman, Latin Christianity, vol. iii. passim, iv. 67; Bower, Popes, ii, 397-427.
GUIDO, gi'do, OF AREZZO: Benedictine; b. at Arezzo (55 m. s.e. of Florence) between 990 and 1000; d. about 1050. In the early part of the eleventh century he became a monk in the monastery of Pomposa, but the success of his method of teaching singing aroused such jealousy that he was expelled. He found refuge with the bishop of Arezzo, and at the invitation of John XIX. went to Rome. His abbot then urged him to return to Pomposa, but whether he did so or whether he is to be identified with the Prior Guido who died at the Camaldolitc monastery of Avellana in 1050, is uncertain.