RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Jerusalem
pool was near the Mariamne tower of the palace. The Struthion pool of War, V., xi. 4 lay north of Antonia, but its site is not yet certainly recovered. The location of the pool of Bethesda is also uncertain; it seems to have been near the sheep gate and north of the temple. Dr. Schick has located the Bethesda of the Middle Ages to the west of the church of St. Anne north of the temple. Gethsemane lay at the foot of the Mount of Olives, certainly not far from the city, according to John xviii. 1 a garden, and the site of the betrayal of Jesus. The present garden in the possession of the Franciscans has been known since the tenth or eleventh century, but there are indications that the earlier site was farther to the north. The Herodian monument was located to the west of this, above the valley of Hinnom, and has been identified by Dr. Schick. The tomb of Queen Helena of Adiabene was about a third of a mile from the north wall of the city (Ant. XX., iv. 3); it is probably the crypt with court, portal, and numerous chambers known as the King's Tomb north of the Damascus Gate.
The city suffered greatly during the siege and gradual capture under Titus. His express command to destroy the city received willing 6. Until obedience from the embittered Roman Constan- soldiery. Titus regarded only the three tine the towers of the palace as worth preserv- Great. ing, and he spared the western part of the city wall, as it guarded the camp of the garrison on the southwest hill in the upper city. The investment of the city began at the Passover, when there was present a vast number of visitors, so that the count of Josephus (War, VI., ix., x.) is not improbable. The place where the faith of the Jews had received so severe a blow was naturally avoided by them and Jabne (Jamnia) became the center of Jewish life in Palestine. The young Christian community, which before the investment by Titus withdrew to Pella, east of the Jordan, had as headquarters the house of John Mark and his mother Mary (Acts xii. 12-17). Probably there was the great upper chamber (Mark xiv. 15) in which Jesus celebrated the last supper and also the chamber mentioned in Acts i. 13 and ii. Although the site of this place is pointed out by a tradition reaching to the fourth century, there is no doubt concerning its correctness. Epiphanius of Salamis (392 a.d.) reports (De mensuris, xiv.) that when Hadrian made his visit to Jerusalem in 130-131 he found city and temple destroyed except for a few dwellings and the little Christian church on what was then called Mount Zion. Since the time of Cyril of Jerusalem this church, or another built on its site, has been well known; it corresponds to the present Nebi Da'ud on the southwest hill south of the wall and above the tombs of the Davidic dynasty. The name Zion was probably attached to the church through an extension of usage out of the Old Testament, since the name is not found used of a part of the city by Josephus. According to this usage the place of assemblage of the early Christian community came to be called "the holy Zion "; out of this grew the identification of the southwest hill as Mount Zion, and so the topo-
graphic signification of the term was lost. Hadrian made an end of the desolation of the city and commanded that it be rebuilt as a Roman colony; during the rising of Bar Kokba it was for a few years a free city, after that again a Roman colony, but without the jus Italicum, and was called JSIia Capitolina, shortened in common speech to JUlia, in the Arabic to Iliya, till the late Middle Ages. The city deity was Jupiter Capitolinus, whose temple was on the site of the Jewish temple. Jews were excluded from the new city under pain of death. The area was diminished, and the old city of David was outside the city limits. In this period were fixed the form and topography of the city which have survived till the present.
The heathen character of the city did not prevent Christians from visiting or settling there; pilgrimages began in the third century and 7. From were numerous in the fourth. Helena, Constan- the mother of Constantine, came there tine to the in 326-327 and had churches built on Capture the sites of the birth and ascension of by the Christ, in Bethlehem, and on the Mount Arabs. of Olives (for Constantine's building see Holy Sepulcher). Constantine relaxed the harsh laws against the Jews, Julian gave them permission to restore their temple, but after Julian the earlier prohibitions against the Jews seem to have been renewed. In the second half of the fourth century eremites and monks from Egypt and Syria began to crowd into Palestine, in the fifth and sixth centuries causing bloody feuds through dogmatic strife. The first monastery in Jerusalem seems to have been built in the fifth century. The coming of the Empress Eudocia, consort of Theodosius II., in 438 had great consequences for the city. To her is ascribed the renewal of the old wall to the south, and various sacred sites were joined to the city. She built the Church of St. Stephen (possibly included in the present possessions of the Dominicans). The Emperor Justinian had the architect Georgios of Constantinople erect a great basilica (that of the Theotokos) in connection with a pilgrims' house and a hospital in the middle of the city, perhaps south of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. The capture of the city by the Persians under Chosroes II. (614) resulted in the destruction of most of the ecclesiastical structures, in the restoration of which the abbot Modestus showed great zeal, though when the Emperor Heraclius marched in (638), much of the city was in ruins. In 638 the Caliph Omar took Jerusalem.
The stipulations of the surrender to the effect that civic and ecclesiastical protection should be given and that the churches were not 8. Under to be used as dwellings were observed the Arabs with comparative good faith. The to the Arabs named the city Bait al-Mukaddas Crusades, or aUMakdis, ' ' Place of the Sanctuary, ' ' shortened to al-Kuds, but made Lydda their first military capital in Palestine. Only occasionally had the pilgrims cause to complain of hard usage, the relations between the East and the West being good under the friendship of Charlemagne and Harun al-Raschid. In the tenth can-
Jerusalem
Jerusalem, Bishopric in