RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Jerusalem
Jerusalem, Bishopric in
gow, 1876; C. Zimmermann, Karten und Plane zur Topographie des alien Jerusalem, Basel, 1876; G. Williams, The Holy City, 2 vols., London, 1849; C. Ritter, Comparative Geography of Palestine, iv. 1-212, Edinburgh, 1866 W. M. Thomson, The Land and the Book, vol. i., New York 1880; F. Spiess, Das Jerusalem des Josephus, Berlin, 1881 H. Nicole, Plan topographique de Jerusalem et ses environs, Paris, 1886-87; J. H. Lewis, The Holy Places of Jerusalem London, 1888; G. R. Lees, Jerusalem Illustrated, ib. 1894 G. A. Smith, Historical Geography of the Holy Land passim, ib. 1897; F. Diekamp, Hippolytus von Theben pp. 96 sqq., Munster, 1898; W. Sanday, Sacred Sites of the Gospels, Oxford, 1903; Miss A. Goodrich Freer, Inner Jerusalem, London, 1904 (an excellent description of the present city); Baedeker's Handbook on Syria and Palestine, 6th Germ, ed., Leipsic, 1904, 4th Eng. ed., 1906. Pictorial productions are G. Ebers and H. Guthe, Palastina in Bild und Wort, vol. i., Stuttgart, 1883; Hartmann- Benzinger, Palastina, Hamburg, 1889; and the views published by the PEF.
On the history of the city in the Biblical period consult I/. B. Paton, Jerusalem in Bible Times, Chicago, 1908 E. Bevan, Jerusalem under the High Priests, London, 1904 and the works on the history of Israel cited under Ahab. For later periods consult: C. J. M. de Vogiie\ Les Eglises de la terre sainte, Paris, 1860; T. Levin, Siege of Jerusalem by Titus, London, 1863; V. GueYin, La Terre sainte, 2 parts, Paris, 1884; J. Guy le Strange, Palestine under the Moslems, London, 1890; G. Dodu, Hist, des institutions monarchiques dans le royaume latin de Jerusalem, Paris, 1894; Jerusalem et ses principaux sanctuaires, ib. 1895; C. A. Couret, La Prise de Jerusalem . en 614; trois documents, ib. 1896; C. R. Conder, The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1099-1291, London, 1897; S. Lane Poole, Saladin and the Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, New York, 1898; R. Rohricht, Geschichte des Konigreichs Jerusalem, Berlin, 1898; W. Besant and E. H. Palmer, Jerusalem, the City of Herod and Saladin, London, 1899; A. Achleitner, Jerusalem, Mainz, 1905; W S. Caldecott, The Second Temple in Jerusalem, London, 1908; and the publications of the Palestine Pilgrim Text Society.
Maps of value are the Plan of Jerusalem prepared by the PEF, and Karte der Materialen zur Topographie des Alten Jerusalem, accompanied by Materialen zur Topographie des Alten Jerusalem, both by A. Kummel, Halle, 1904-06.
JERUSALEM, ANGLICAN-GERMAN BISHOP- RIC IN : An episcopal see founded in Jerusalem in the nineteenth century by joint agreement of the Anglican and the German Lutheran churches. As a result of more than one missionary effort in the Holy Land in the earlier years of the century, and of the expedition sent thither in 1840 by the so-called Quadruple Alliance, Frederick William IV of Prussia thought the occasion favorable for establishing a firm position for Evangelical Christians in that country. The Armenian, Greek, and Latin churches had long possessed the advantage of permanent corporations under treaty sanction, the two latter having also powerful protectors, while Protestants had no regular standing. The king therefore sent Bunsen on a special mission to Queen Victoria to lay before the archbishop of Canterbury and the bishop of London, who welcomed the proposal, a plan for the joint erection of a Protestant bishopric under the protection of England and Prussia. The endowment of the see was fixed at £30,000 in order to secure an annual income of £1,200 for the bishop, who was to be appointed by Prussia and England alternately; the archbishop of Canterbury, however, had a veto on the Prussian nomination; in other particulars the organization of the see was practically that of an Anglican bishopric, and its holder was at first subject to the metropolitan authority of Canterbury. His jurisdiction, which extended provisionally beyond Palestine over the
Protestants of all Syria, Chaldea, Egypt, and Abyssinia, was to be exercised according to the canons and usages of the Church of England. An act of Parliament (Oct. 5, 1841) authorized the consecration of a bishop for a foreign country who need not be a subject of the British crown nor take the oath of allegiance, while, on the other hand, the clergy ordained by him would have no right to officiate in England or Ireland. It was agreed by both parties that the bishop should protect and aid German communities, among whom the cure of souls should be provided for by German clergy, ordained according to the English rite after examination and subscription of the three ecumenical creeds; that the liturgy was to be compiled from those received in the Lutheran church of Prussia and authorized by the archbishop of Canterbury; that confirmation was to be administered to the Germans by the bishop after the English form. These far-reaching concessions aroused great dissatisfaction among the German Lutherans, and the project was unfavorably received by the High Church party in England on opposite grounds. The first bishop appointed under the agreement was a Jewish convert, Michael Solomon Alexander (b. at Schonlanke, 50 m. n.n.w. of Posen, 1799; became a rabbi, and while serving at Plymouth was converted, 1825. He entered the ministry of the Church of England, became a missionary of the London Society for the Conversion of the Jews, and professor of Hebrew and rabbinical literature at King's College, London). He took up his residence in Jerusalem at the beginning of 1842, and died in the desert near Cairo Nov. 23, 1845. He was succeeded by Samuel Gobat (q.v.), a native of Cremine in the Bernese Alps, and a former missionary in Abyssinia. In his time it became evident that the joint bishopric could not endure. The German community showed a notable increase, numbering 200 members in 1875, and important charitable works were connected with it; a provisional chapel for their worship was erected in 1871, to be replaced by the larger church dedicated in the presence of the German emperor on Oct. 31, 1898. Meantime the relations between the German and English congregations had become more and more merely nominal. Bishop Gobat was succeeded in 1879 by an Englishman, Joseph Barclay (q.v.), who died two years later, and the next nomination came to Germany. The final separation was brought about by the insistence of the English Church that the bishop should subscribe the Thirty-nine Articles and be consecrated according to the English rite. Germany objected to this, and the agreement was finally abolished by the emperor on Nov. 3, 1886, [since which time the bishopric has been maintained by the English Church alone. The present incumbent, George Francis Popham Blyth (q.v.), was consecrated Mar. 25, 1887. His title is " Bishop of the Church of England in Jerusalem and the East," and' his jurisdiction includes the English congregations in Egypt, the regions about the Red Sea, Palestine, Syria, Asia Minor (except portions attached to Gibraltar), and the Island of Cyprus].
(Philipp Meter.)
Bibliography: Consult the literature under Gobat, Samokl; W. H. Heckler, The Jerusalem Bishopric, London, 1883;
Jerusalem Chamber Jerusalem, Synod of