THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
tury began the strife between Islam and Christianity, furthered by the bad faith of the Egyptian Fatimides, who disregarded all treaties; the pilgrims were compelled to pay a fee for entrance into the city, and the Caliph al-Hakim in 1010 began a severe persecution of the Christians. Merchants from Amain, however, gained a footing in Jerusalem with permission to trade, and soon had a church (Sancta Maria Latina) and a monastery (Monasterium de Latina) to the south of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher.
When Godfrey of Bouillon captured the city, July 15, 1099, only two churches were found uninjured, that of the Holy Sepulcher and
g. During that of the Italian merchants, for the the latter of which tribute was paid. Dur-
Crusades. ing the continuance of the kingdom of Jerusalem great zeal was displayed in building. The principal gates of this period were David's gate (Jaffa gate), Stephen's (Damascus), Jehoshaphat's, and Zion gate in the south. Near David's gate was David's tower (the present citadel, often repaired from the ruins of Herod's palace), hence the later location of the "city of David." Extensive building operations went on within the grounds of the Amalfi merchants; the Benedictines built a hospital in honor of Johannes Eleemon (q.v.) in connection with which a community dressed in black robes with a white cross came into being — the beginning of the Knights of St. John. The Hospitalers under the patronage of John the Baptist took over the woman's guest-house. Since the Latins located the pretorium north of the Zion Church, later northwest of the temple square, the direction of the Via Dolorosa was placed accordingly. The pool of Bethesda (John v. 2) was placed by them near the Church of St. Anna, discovered in 1888 northwest of this site; later it was located north of the Haram al-Sharif. The Church of St. Anne was known as early as the seventh century, was repaired by the Franks, and later was connected with a nunnery. The hills to the west and south of the Hinnom valley were called Gihon. In the valley of Jehoshaphat the Franks repaired the tomb of the Virgin Mary and its church; while on the third peak of Olivet stood, about 1130, a great Church of the Ascension, where Constantine had built a sanctuary.
Jerusalem opened its gates to the victorious
Saladin Oct. 2, 1187. Most of the Latin Christians
departed; the Greeks remained. The
io. From Christian and Occidental character n87tothe which the city had assumed during
Present, the crusades soon changed as Christian churches and cloisters became mosques or Mohammedan schools. Saladin had the walls renewed when Richard the Lion-hearted threatened a siege in 1191-92, but the Sultan Malik al-Muazzam of Damascus ordered them destroyed that they might not become a protection to the Christians (1219-20). A treaty between the German Frederick II. and the Egyptian Sultan al-Kamil secured the city for the Christians (except the Haram al-Sharif) for about ten years and a half from Feb. 1, 1229, after which Nasir Daud, prince of Kerak, took the city and destroyed the walls. The Egyptian Sultan
Eyyub took it in 1244, in 1517 it fell under the power of the Turks under Selim I., and his successor Solyman in 1542 gave to the walls of the city their present form. Syria was in the possession of Mehemet Ali of Egypt 1831-40. In 1219 the Franciscans gained a footing in the city, in the thirteenth century held firmans under the Egyptian sultans, in 1333 came into possession of the Zion Church and perhaps of other sacred places, some of which they had to yield to Solyman in 1523 and 1551; their present location, northwest of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, was obtained in 1559. Since the conquest of Jerusalem by the Turks the Christian powers, with France in the lead, have protected the Roman Catholic Christians in Palestine, Russia has cared for the Greek Christians. A revolution in the situation at Jerusalem was brought about by the English (1826) and American (1821) missionaries; an English consulate was established there in 1839, a Prussian in 1842. England and Prussia had the Evangelical bishopric of St. James created (see Jerusalem, Anglican-German Bishopric in). Other Christian powers thus had their attention drawn to the situation. The Greek patriarch Cyril transferred his seat from Constantinople to Jerusalem in 1845, and Rome reestablished the Latin patriarchate in 1847. Pilgrim-houses, hospitals, churches, schools and monasteries have been erected, and these mark the character of the peaceful crusade of the nineteenth century, with the result that Jerusalem is no more an Oriental city. Of its 60,000 inhabitants, 41,000 are Jews, 12,800 are Christians, 7,000 are Mohammedans. Of the Christians, 6,000 are Greeks, 4,000 Latins, 1,400 Protestants, 800 Armenians, 200 Uniate Greeks, 150 Copts, 100 Abyssinians, 100 Syrians, and 50 Uniate Armenians. The Jews are poverty-stricken and do not exert an influence corresponding to their numbers. (H. Guthe.)
Bibliography: Lists of literature are the Bibliotheca geographica Palestinae, by R. Rohricht, Berlin, 1890, and by T. Tobler, Leipsic, 1867. Indispensable for following recent investigations are the Quarterly Statements of the PEF, also the files of ZDPV. the Mitteilungen und Nachrichten of the Deutscher Palastina-Verein, the files of ZDMG, Recueil d'archeologie orientate, and JBL. Valuable as summaries are the articles in DB, ii. 584-601; EB, ii. 2407-2432; JE, vii. 118-157; DCG, i. 849-859.
For excavations and topographical details consult: C. Warren, C. R. Conder, Survey of Western Palestine, Jerusalem, London, 1884; E. G. Schultz, Jerusalem, Berlin, 1845; W. Krafft, Die Topographie Jerusalems, Bonn, 1846; T. Tobler, Die Siloahquelle und der Oelberg, St. Gall, 1852; idem, Zwei Bilcher Topographie von Jerusalem, ib. 1853-54; E. Pierotti, Jerusalem Explored, 2 vols., London, 1864; C. J. M. de Vogue\ Le Temple de Jerusalem, Paris, 1864; C. W. Wilson, Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem, 2 vols., Southampton, 1867-70; C. Wilson and C. Warren, Recovery of Jerusalem, London, 1871; P. Wolff, Jerusalem, Leipsic, 1872; C. Warren, Underground Jerusalem, London, 1876; H. Guthe, Ausgrabungen bei Jerusalem, Leipsic, 1883; C. Wilson, Jerusalem the Holy City, London, 1888; F. J. Bliss, Excavations at Jerusalem, 1894-97, London, 1898; C. Mommert, Topographie des alien Jerusalem, 4 vols., Leipsic, 1902-08; S. Merrill, Ancient Jerusalem, New York, 1908; G. A. Smith, The Topography, Economics and History of Jerusalem to 70 A.D., 2 vols., London, 1908; Robinson, Researches, and Later Researches. On the question of the Akra consult C. E. Caspari, in TSK, 1864, pp. 309-328; G. Gatt, in TQ, lxvi (1884), 34-84, Ixxi (1889), 77-125; idem, Die Hiigel von Jerusalem, Freiburg, 1897.
For descriptions of the city consult: J. F. Thrupp, Ancient Jerusalem, London, 1855; A. B. MacGrigor, Index of Passages upon the Topography of Jerusalem, Glas-