RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Patronage Paul
coin Colleges, Oxiord (B.A., 1836; M.A., 1840; B.D. 1851). He became a fellow of Lincoln College in 1839, was ordained deacon in 1841, priest in 1843, and appointed college tutor in 1843. He was also appointed examiner in liter oe humaniores in 1848, again in 1853, and for the third time in 1870. Under the influence of Newman he abandoned the rigid Evangelical views that he had acquired from his father, and for a time was a pronounced Puseyite (see Tractakianism), reciting the Roman breviary daily, and on one occasion even going to confession to Edward Pusey. From Tractarianism, however, he gradually recovered. He resigned his tutorship in 1855, and for the next few years spent much time in Germany. In 1859 he was appointed one of the assistant commissioners to report on continental education. In 1860 he contributed to the famous Essays and Reviews (q.v.) the essay, Tendencies of Religious Thought in England 1688- 1750. In 1861 he was elected rector of Lincoln, after having been defeated for the place in 1851. Pattison was eminently successful as examiner, lecturer, and author, and, in point of real scholarship and academic distinction, he stood second to none at Oxford. His writings include numerous literary and theological articles published in the leading reviews; a translation of Thomas Aquinas' commentary on Matthew, in Catena aurea: Commentary on the Four Gospels (ed. J. H. Newman, 4 vols., Oxford, 1841-45); and lives of Stephen Langton and St. Edmond, Lives of the English Saints (ed. by J. H. Newman and others, 14 vols., London, 1844-45). Other important works are: Isaac Casaubon (1875), his best book; Milton (1879), in the English Men of Letters series; Memoirs (1885) ; Sermons (1885); and Essays (ed. H. Nettleship, 2 vols., Oxford, 1889).
Bibliography: Memoirs (ed. Mrs. Pattison), London, 1885 L. A. Tollemache, Recollections of Pattison, ib. 1885 Althaus, in Temple Bar, Jan., 1885; DNB, xliv. 58-63 literature cited under Essays and Reviews.
PATTON, CORNELIUS HOWARD: Congregationalist; b. at Chicago Dec. 25, 1860. He received his education at Howard University, Emerson Institute, Washington, D. O, Amherst College (B.A., 1883), and Yale Divinity School (B.D., 1887); was ordained in 1887, and served the churches at Westfield, N. J., 1887-95, Duluth, Minn., 1895-98, and the First Congregational Church at St. Louis, 1898- 1904; since 1904 he has been corresponding secretary of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.
PATTON, FRANCIS LANDEY: Presbyterian; b. at Warwick, Bermuda, Jan. 22, 1843. He was educated at Knox College, Toronto, the University of Toronto, and Princeton Theological Seminary (graduated, 1865). He was ordained in 1865 and held pastorates at the Eighty-fourth Street Presbyterian Church, New York City (1865-67), Nyack, N. Y. (1867-71), and South Presbyterian Church, Brooklyn, N. Y. (1871) ; he was Cyrus H. McCormick professor of theology in the Theological Seminary of the North- West (now McCormick Theological Seminary), Chicago (1871-81); pastor of the Jefferson Park Presbyterian Church in the same city (1874-81); Robert L. Stuart professor of the
relations of philosophy and science to the Christian religion in Princeton Theological Seminary (1884- 1888) ; also professor of ethics in Princeton College (1886-88). In 1888 he was elected president of Princeton College, and held this position until 1902, when he resigned and was elected to his present position of president of Princeton Theological Seminary. He still retains, however, the professorship of ethics in Princeton University, as well as a lectureship on theism in Princeton Theological Seminary. In theology he is extremely conservative. Besides editing The Interior ( 1873-76) and being for several years a member of the editorial board of The Presbyterian Review, he has written Inspiration of the Scriptures (Philadelphia, 1869); and Summary of Christian Doctrine (1874).
PAUL: The name of five popes.
Paul L: Pope 757-767. He first appears as a Roman deacon and was frequently employed by his brother, Pope Stephen II., in negotiations with the Lombard kings. After Stephen's death (April 26, 757) Paul was chosen his successor by those who wished a continuation of the late pope's policy. The new pope's reign was dominated by his relations to the Frankish and Lombard kings and to the Eastern emperor. He adopted an independent tone in informing the exarch in Ravenna of his election, but wrote to Pepin that the Frankish alliance should be maintained unimpaired, being forced to this course by the attitude of the Lombard king, Desiderius. The latter held the cities of Imola, Osimo, Bologna, and Ancona, which were claimed by Rome, and in 758 seized upon the duchies of Spoleto and Benevento. The same year he visited Rome and compelled Paul to write to Pepin asking him to concede all the Lombard claims except that to Imola; another letter of exactly opposite tenor was sent by the same messenger. Pepin found it advisable to maintain good relations with Desiderius, and Paul accomplished nothing by his double-dealing. Later, however, Pepin gave the pope some support and acted as arbiter between the Roman and Lombard claims. In 765 the papal privileges were restored in Beneventine and Tuscan territory and partially in Spoleto. Meanwhile, the alienation from Byzantium grew greater. Several times, especially in 759, Paul feared that the Greek emperor would send an armament against Rome; and he lived in continual dread lest Byzantine machinations turn the Frankish influence in favor of the Lombards. This was actually attempted, but Pepin held to his original Italian policy. Paul died June 28, 767. See Papal States.
(A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: Mann, Popes, i. 2, pp. 331-360; F. Papencordt, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, pp. 89 sqq., Paderborn, 1857; R. Baxmann, Die Politik der Papste, i. 251 sqq., Elberfeld, 1868; J. Ficker, Forschungen zur Reichs- und Rechtsgeschichte Italiens, ii. 329 sqq., Innsbruck, 1869; L. Oelsner, Jahrbiicher des frankischen Reichs unter . . Pippin, pp. 319 sqq., 343 sqq., 353 sqq., Leipsic, 1871; B. Niehues, Geschichte des V erhaltnisses zwischen Kaisertum und Papsttum, i. 497 sqq., Munster, 1877; idem, in Historischer Jahrbiicher, ii. 221 sqq., ib. 1881 ; W. Martens, Die romische Frage unter Pippin und Karl dem Grossen, pp. 86 sqq., 254-255, Stuttgart, 1881; E. D. Glasson, Les Rapports du pouvoir spirituel et du pouvoir temporel au moyen dge, Paris, 1894; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City
Paul