THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Early Hist. of the University of Virginia, Richmond, 1856; M. M. Fisher, Hist. of Westminster College . . . to 1908, ed. J. J. Price, Columbia, Mo., 1903; A. L. Chapin, Historical Sketches of the Colleges of Wisconsin, Madison, 1876; F. B. Dexter, Sketch of the Iist. of Yale University, New York, 1887; H. A. Brann, History of the American College of the Roman Catholic Church of the U. S., ib. 1910.
For Germany consult: A. Tholuck, Das akademische Leben des 17. Jahrhunderts, 2 parts, Halle, 1853-54; P. Schaff, Germany, its Universities, Theology, and Religion, Philadelphia, 1857; F. Zarncke, Die deutschen Universittiten im Mittelalter, Leipsic, 1857; O. Dolch, Geschichte des deutschen Studententums, ib. 1858; K. von Raumer, Geschichte der Padagogik, vol. iv., 4 parts, 4th ed., Giitersloh, 1872; M. Arnold, Higher Schools and Universities in Germany, London, 1874; J. M. Heart, German Universities, New York, 1874; J. Conrad, The German Universities, Glasgow, 1885; G. M. Thorden, Under the Shade of German Universities, Upsala, 1883; L. Caron, L’Allemagne universitaire, Amiens, 1886; G. Kaufmann, Geschichte der deutschen Universititen, 2 vols., Stuttgart, 1888-96; F. Paulsen, Geschichte des gelehrten Unterrichts auf den deutschen Schulen und Universititen, 2 vols., Leipsic, 1896-97; idem, Die deutschen Universititen, Berlin, 1902, Eng. transl., German Universities, New York, 1906; W. Lexis, Die Universitdten im deutschen Reich, Berlin, 1904; E. Dreyfus-Brisac L’Université de Bonn, Paris, 1879; J. G. L. Kosegarten, Geschichte der Universitat Greifswald, 2 parts, Leipsic, 1857; J. F. Hautz, Geschichte der Universitit Heidelberg, 2 vols., Mannheim, 1862-64; E. Winkelmann, Urkundenbuch der Universitit Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 1886; J. Probst, Geschichte der Universitat in Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 1869; F. Zarncke, Urkundliche Quellen zur Geschichte der Universitit Leipzigs, 2 vols., Leipsic, 1857; K. von Prantl, Geschichte der Ludwig- Mazimilians-Universitit, 2 vols. Munich, 1872; F. K. T. Piderit, Geschichte der hessisch-schaumburgischen Universitdét Rinteln, Marburg, 1842; O. Krabbe, Die Universitat Rostock im xv. und xvi. Jahrhundert, 2 vols., Rostock, 1856; K. Kliipfel, Geschichte und Beschreibung der Universitat Tiibingen, Tiibingen, 1849; F. X. Wegele, Geschichte der Universitit Wurzburg, 2 vols., Wiirzburg, 1882.
For France consult: 1. Beaussire, L’ Université sous la troisiéme république, Paris, 1884; M. Fournier, Les Statuts et priviléges des universités francatses, 3 vols., Paris, 1890-92; C. Du Boulay, Historia Universitatis Parisiensis, ib. 1665; E. Dubarle, Hist de l’université de Paris, 2 vols., ib. 1844; C. Thurot, De l’organization et I’ enseignement dans l’université de Paris, ib. 1850; H. Denifle and A. Chatelain, Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis, 4 vols., ib. 1889-97; L. Liard, L’ Université de Paris, 2 vols., ib. 1909; MGH, Leges, ii. 114, cf. D. C. Munro in University of Pennsylvania Translations and Reprints, ii. no. 3, pp. 2-7 (on the University of Paris); A. Lefranc, Hist. du Collége de France, Paris 1892; L. Legrand, L’Université de Douai, Douay, 1888.
On other countries: F yon Krones, Geschichte der. . , Universitit in Graz, Graz, 1886; W. W. Tomek, Geschichte der Prager Universitit, Prague, 1849; R. Kink, Geschichte der... Universitit zu Wien, 2 vols., Vienna, 1854; J. von Aschlbach Geschichte der Wiener Universitit, 3 vols., ib. 1889; R. A. Renvall, Finlands Universitet, Helsingfors, 1891; J. Kirkpatrick, The University of Bologna, London, 1888; V. de la Fuente, Historia de las Universidades .. . en Espana, 2 vols., Madrid, 1884-85; G. Reynier, La Vie universitaire dans l’'ancienne Espagne, ib. 1902; W. Vischer, Geschichte der Universitit Basel, Basel, 1860; H. Mayer, Geschichte der Universitat Freiburg, Bonn, 1892; C. Borgeaud, Histoire de l’université de Genéve. L’ Académie de Calvin dans lV université de Napoléon 1798— 1814, Geneva, 1909.
UPHAM, FRANCIS WILLIAM: Layman; b. at Rochester, Stafford County, N. H., Sept. 10, 1817; d. in New York Oct. 17, 1895. He was graduated from Bowdoin ( ollege, Brunswick, Me., 1837; admitted to the bar of Massachusetts, 1844; was professor of mental and moral philosophy and lecturer on history in Rutgers Female College, New York, 1867-70. He was the author of The Debate between the Church and Science, or the Ancient Hebraic Idea
of the Six Days of Creation; with an Essay on the Literary Character of Tayler Lewis (published anonymously, Andover, 1860); The Wise Men: who they were, and how, they came to Jerusalem (New York, 1869); The Star of our Lord, or Jesus Christ King of all Worlds, both of Time and Space; with Thoughts on Inspiration, and the Astronomic Doubt as to Christianity (1873); Thoughts on the Holy Gospels: how they came to bé in Manner and Form as they are (1881) ; and First Words from God (1894).
UPHAM, THOMAS COGSWELL: Congregationalist; b. at Deerfield, N. H., Jan. 30, 1799; d. in New York Apr. 2, 1872. He was graduated from Dartmouth College (1818) and from Andover Theological Seminary (1821); taught Hebrew in Andover from 1821-23; was pastor at Rochester, N. H., for a year; professor of mental and moral philosophy in. Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me., 1824-67; retired to Kennebunkport, Me., 1867, and lived without charge till his death. He was a voluminous writer, and did good service in his day, and deserves to be remembered as one of the earliest advocates of international peace by peace tribunals, an idea represented in The Manual of Peace, Embracing I. Evils and Remedies of War, II. Suggestions on the Law of Nations, III. Considerations of a Congress of Nations (New York, 1836; part III. was reprinted by the American Peace Society, Boston, 1840). Another useful service was in translating Jahn’s Biblical Archeology (Andover, 1823). He did much in philosophy, his work on the Will (Portland, 1834) and his text-book on Mental Philosophy (1839) being noteworthy. His interest in Madame Guyon led him to write her life and to bring out a translation of her Method of Prayer. Other books were his biography of Madame Catherine Adorna (4th ed., Boston, 1856); and Letters Written from Europe, Egypt and Palestine (Brunswick, 1855).
UR OF THE CHALDEES. See Basytonia, IV., § 3.
URBAN: The name of eight popes.
Urban I.: Pope 222-230. He succeeded Calixtus I., but nothing ‘is known concerning his pontificate. The Liber pontificalis places his death on May 19 and the martyrology of Jerome on May 25. He seems to have been interred in the cemetery of Calixtus, where an inscription has been found which probably marked his grave; yet the Liber pontificalis buries him in the cemetery of Pretextatus.
(A. Hauvcx.)
Brsitocrapuy: Liber pontificalis, ed. Mommsen in MGH, Gest. pont. Rom., i (1898), 22-23; Bower, Popes, i. 22. Platina, Popes, i. 31-43; DCB, iv. 1062-64; ASB, May, vi. 11-14; K. J. Neumann, Der rémische Staat und die allgemeine Kirche, i. 314-316, Leipsic, 1890.
Urban II. (Odo de Lagny): Pope 1088-99. He was born of knightly descent at Chatillon-sur-Marne and early adopted a clerical career, receiving deep impressions from Bruno of Cologne (q.v.). After being archdeacon of Reims, he entered the monastery of Cluny, where he rose to be prior, but was called to Italy by Gregory VII. and created cardinal bishop of Ostia in 1078, and was elected to the papal throne (Mar. 12, 1088). Though he declared himself a follower of Gregory VII. in all