THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
entered the Benedictine order, becoming abbot of St. Germanus at Auxerre and of St. Victor at Marseilles. He was repeatedly employed as papal legate by Clement VI. and Innocent VI., and was enthroned pope at Avignon on Oct. 28, 1362. He was one of the last popes to interest himself in the crusades, but his attention was practically absorbed by more urgent matters nearer home. In upper Italy Bernabo Visconti was developing his power, and when he refused to obey the summons of the new pope, he was placed under the ban and made the object of an unsuccessful crusade (Mar. 3, 1363). The pope deemed it advisable to return to Italy, and, despite the protests of the French cardinals and the French court, Urban left Avignon on Apr. 30, 1367, and landed in Italy near Corneto on June 4, entering Rome on Oct. 16. Italy, however, remained in disorder; Perugia rebelled (1369) and was reduced only by force; even the visits of Joanna of Naples and of Charles IV. to Rome and the conversion of the Greek Emperor John Palzologus to the Roman Church could not hide the fact that the object of the pope’s return had not been attained. Urban therefore resolved to go back to Avignon. Despite the warning of St. Bridget of Sweden that he would die if he returned to Avignon, and against the pleas of the Romans, by Sept. 24, 1370, Urban was again at Avignon, where, on Dec. 19 of the same year, he died. While Urban protested repeatedly against various ecclesiastical abuses, he lacked the strength necessary for the conditions that confronted him. He made important architectural improvements on the Lateran Hill in Rome, in the churches of SS. Peter and Paul, and in the papal palace at Avignon, besides founding a college at Montpellier for students of medicine. (A. Havcr.)
BisiiocRAPHY: For original documents consult the Turin ed. of the Bullarium Romanum, iv. 519 sqq., 1859; A. Theiner, Codex diplomaticus, ii. 4038 sqq., Rome, 1862; and Lettres des papes d’ Avignon, vol. v., Paris, 1906. The Vita by Aymeric with other documents is in E. Baluze, Vite paparum Avenionensium, i. 363-424, Paris, 1693; and in Muratori, Scriptores, iii. 2, pp. 610-642. Consult further: Creighton, Papacy, i. 55-56, 115, 355; Pastor, Popes, i. 54, 95-99, 126; J. B. Magnan, Hist. d’Urbain V. et de son siécle, Paris, 1862; A. von Reumont, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, ii. 937, Berlin, 1867; M. Prou, Relations politiques du pape Urbain V. avec les rois de France, Paris, 1888; M. Souchon, Die Papstwahlen von Bonifaz VIII. bis Urban VI., pp. 66 sqq., Brunswick, 1888; Louise Guiraud, Les Fondations du pape Urbain V. & Montpellier, 3 vols., Paris, 1889-91; E. Werunsky, Geschichte Konig Karls IV., iii. 266 sqq., Innsbruck, 1892; Wéirttembergische Geschichtsquellen, ii. 448 sqq., Stuttgart, 1895; C. Locke, The Age of the Great Western Schism, pp. 26, 72— 75, 299, New York, 1896; J. H. Albanis, Actes anciens et documents concernant . . . Urbain V., vol. i., Paris, 1897; J. P. Kirsch, Die Riickkehr der Papste Urban V. und Gregor XI., Paderborn, 1898; Bower, Popes, iii. 109-116; Platina, Popes, ii. 160-162; Milman, Latin Christianity, vii. 209-218.
Urban VI. (Bartolomeo Prignano): Pope 1378- 1389. He was born at Naples about 1318, studied canon law, became archbishop of Averenza, and of Bari in 1377; and was enthroned as pope Apr. 9, 1378. A man of the utmost personal integrity and a firm opponent of all abuses, Urban yet had the unfortunate faculty of antagonizing all with whom he came in contact. He soon alienated the support of the college of cardinals, and the French members formed a conspiracy against him, asserting that the
cardinals had been forced by the populace to elect Urban, and that the election was, therefore, invalid. His opponents went to Fondi and elected Cardinal Robert of Geneva pope on Sept. 20, 1378, under the name of Clement VII. Clement was supported by all the cardinals except four Italians, as well as by Joanna of Naples, by France, and, eventually, by Scotland, Savoy, Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and Lorraine. Urban created a large number of new cardinals, and was supported by Catharine of Sienna (q.v.), Catharine, the daughter of Saint Bridget of Sweden (q.v.), Charles IV., England, the northern and eastern lands, and a great part of Germany.
Urban being master of Rome, Clement hastened to Naples, but so unfavorable was his reception that he determined to go to Avignon, and on June 10, 1379, landed at Marseilles. Meanwhile Joanna sought to make terms with Urban, but the pope declared her deprived of her kingdom, and crowned the heir of Naples, Charles of Durazzo, king of Jerusalem and Sicily. But then, suspecting that some of his cardinals were conspiring with Charles for his deposition, he put the latter under the ban and Naples under an interdict. Charles, in his turn, besieged the pope in Naples; but Urban was finally set free and reached Genoa, where he remained until Dec., 1386. Thence he went to Lucca, and from there to Perugia, but, after an unsuccessful attempt to restore the papal power in Naples, was forced to return to Rome in Oct., 13888. There he remained until his death on Oct. 15, 1389, his only acts of moment being to make the thirty-third year the year of jubilee and to introduce the feast of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
(A. Hauck.)
Brsitiograpuy: Sources are: The Turin ed. of the Bullarium Romanum, iv. 580-601; Theodorici de Nyem de schismate, ed. G. Erler, Leipsic, 1890; and the Vzta in Baluze, Vite paparum Avenionensium, Paris, 1693. Consult: Creighton, Papacy, i. 64-67, 69 sqq., 363-365; Pastor, Popes, i. 118-145 et passim; A. von Reumont, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, ii. 1015, Berlin, 1867; Lindner, in ZKG, iii (1879), 409-428, 525-546; G. Erler, Dietrich von Nieheim, Leipsic, 1887; M. Souchon, Die Papstwahlen von Bonifaz VII, bis Urban VI., pp. 81 saq., Brunswick, 1888; L. Gayet, Le Grand Schisme d’occident, vol. i., Paris, 1889; R. Jahr, Die Wahl Urbans VI., Halle, 1892; Sauerland, in Historisches Jahrbuch der Gérres-Gesellschaft, xiv (1893), 820-832; C. Locke, The Age of the Great Western Schism, pp. 85-102, New York, 1896; N. Valois, La France et le grand schisme, vol. i., Paris, 1896; F. P. Bliemetzrieder, Das Generalkonzil, pp. 1 sqq., Paderborn, 1904; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, vi. 727-807; Bower, Popes, iii. 124— 142; Platina, Popes, ii. 166-176; Milman, Latin Christianity, vii. 233-263; KL, xii. 446-450.
Urban VII. (Giovanni Baptista Castagna): Pope 1590. He was born at Rome in 1521, was elected pope Sept. 15, 1590, but died on the twelfth day following. K. Benratu.
Bistiocrapay: L. Arrighi, Urbani VII. vita, Bonona, 1614; A. Chacon (Ciaconius), Vite ef res geste pontificum Romanorum, iv. 201 sqq., Rome, 1677; Ranke, Popes, ii. 32 saq.; Bower, Popes, iii. 325; KL, xii. 450-451.
Urban VIII. (Maffeo Barberini): Pope 1623-44. He was born at Florence in 1568, and was repeatedly employed by Clement VIII. and Paul V. on diplomatic missions to the French court. In 1605 he was created cardinal, and succeeded to the papal chair at the age of fifty-five. He had received a humanistic training, showed constant predilection for