RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Universities Urban
things, he was far less drastic, more politic, and so eventually more successful. At first, however, the followers of the antipope Clement III. (see GuiBERT _ or Ravenna) being more numerous than his own, he was obliged to withdraw from Rome (1089). He held a synod at Melfi, southern Italy, on Sept. 10, 1089, which condemned simony, lay investiture, and the marriage of the clergy. He returned to Rome, but was unable to hold the city; from 1090 to 1093 he was an exile, but meanwhile was not idle. He held synods and devoted special attention to affairs in Germany. For a time it seemed as though peace with the Emperor Henry IV. might be restored, but the imperial refusal to abandon Clement, the antipope, and thus to end the schism frustrated such hopes. Urban strengthened his position with both his Italian and his German allies by promoting a marriage between the younger Guelf of Bavaria and the Margravine Matilda, his strongest supporter in Italy (1089), by assisting Conrad in rebellion against his father (1093), and by availing himself of the Empress Adelheid’s treason toward her husband (1094). The result of all this was the fall of Henry and the consolidation of Urban’s power.
In the summer of 1094 Urban left Rome and triumphantly traversed central and northern Italy, holding a great synod at Piacenza (Mar. 1-7, 1095), which condemned simony and the marriage of priests, denied the validity of the ordinations by Clement and his adherents, and renewed the anathema against them. He received an embassy from
‘ the Emperor Alexius, imploring western aid against the Moslems. Urban echoed the embassy’s appeal, and the result was the beginning of the crusades, the first of which was proclaimed at a synod held by Urban at Clermont, France (Nov. 18-28, 1095; see Crusapss, § 1). The ‘ peace of God” (see TrucE oF Gop) was declared to be universally binding, and the regulations for the prevention of simony and lay investiture were renewed and made more stringent. But most important was the enthusiasm awakened by Urban for the crusades, whereby the pope became the real head of the western world. In the spring of 1096 Urban held synods at Tours and Nimes, and then returned to Italy, where the prestige of Henry and Clement was broken. Toward the end of the year Urban resumed residence in Rome, and in Jan., 1097, held a synod in the Lateran, and on Oct. 3, 1098, one at Bari, which was of general importance for its decisions concerning the procession of the Holy Ghost. A second Roman synod was held in St. Peter’s on Apr. 24-30, 1099, and shortly afterward, on July 29, 1099, Urban died. (A. Hauck.) BrsuioGRAPHY: The Epistole et privilegia are in MPL, vol.
cli.; Jaffé, Regesta, pp. 657 saq.; C. Grinhagen, Vita
Urbani II., Halle, 1848; A. de Brimont, Un pape au
moyen dge, Urbain II., Paris, 1862; J. M. Watterich,
Romanorum pontificum ... vite, i. 571 saqq., Leipsic,
1862; A. von Reumont, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, vol. ii.,
Berlin, 1868; M. F. Stern, Zur Biographie des Papstes
Urban II., Berlin, 1883; G. Meyer von Knonau, Jahrbuch
des deutschen Reichs unter Heinrich IV. und V., Leipsic,
1890 sqq.; J. Langen, Geschichte der rémischen Kuirchen,
vol. iv., Bonn, 1893; L. Bernard, Le Bienheureux Urbain
II., Paris, 1896; F. Gregorovius, Hist. of City of Rome,
iv. 269 sqq., London, 1896; G. Richter, Annalen des
deutschen Reichs im Zeitalter der Ottonen, Halle, 1898; Mann, Popes, vii. 245-346; Bower, Popes, ul. 413-426;
Platina, Popes, ii. 13-18; Milman, Latin Christianity, iii. 500-523, iv. 26-29; T. Ruinart, Vita... Urbani II., in MPL, cli. 9-266; Hauck, KD, vol. iii.; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, vol. v.; and the literature under CRUSADES. Urban III. (Uberto Creyelli): Pope 1185-87. Born at Milan and created cardinal by Lucius IIL., he became archbishop of Milan in 1185, and pope Nov. 25 of the same year. The struggle with Emperor Frederick I. held over from the previous pontificate. Urban repeated his predecessor’s demands and retained the see of Milan. Thereupon Frederick appropriated the estates of deceased bishops and the revenues of dioceses during a sedis vacantia (see Sepis Vacans); Urban refused to crown Frederick’s son, Henry VI., sought to weaken the allegiance of the German bishops, supported Cremona in its revolt, and, when Frederick reduced the city, consecrated Folmar archbishop of Treves in defiance of the emperor. Later he cited Frederick to appear at Verona, and threatened him with excommunication, but died at Ferrara on Oct. 19, 1187, before he could carry out his intention. (A. Havcx.)
BrsuioGRAPHY: The Epistole et privilegia are in MPL, vol. ecii. Consult: Jaffé, Regesta, ii. 854; J. M. Watterich, Romanorum pontificum .. . vite, ii. 663 sqq., Leipsic, 1862; A. von Reumont, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, vol. ii., Berlin, 1868; H. Prutz, Kaiser Friedrich I., vol. iii., Danzig, 1873; J. Langen, Geschichte der rémischen Kirche, iv. 564 sqq., Bonn, 1893; W. von Giesebrecht, Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit, vi. 114 sqq., Brunswick, 1895; F. Gregorovius, Hist. of the City of Rome, iv. 612-614, London, 1896; Bower, Popes, ii. 527-528; Platina, Popes, ii. 60-62; Milman, Latin Christianity, iv. 440-443; Hauck, KD, iv. 304 saq.
Urban IV. (Jacques Pantaleon): Pope 1261-64. He was educated at Laon and Paris, was canon at Laon, canon and archdeacon at Liége, papal nuncio in Silesia, Poland, Prussia, and Pomerania (1247), archdeacon of Laon (1249), and in 1253 bishop of Verdun. Two years later Alexander IV. appointed him patriarch of Jerusalem, and on Sept. 4, 1261, he succeeded his patron on the papal throne. His first care was the restoration of papal supremacy in Rome and its vicinity. In Germany he sought to continue the confusion that already existed, being determined on the destruction of the Hohenstaufen line. In 1263 the crown of Naples and Sicily was offered to Charles, duke of Anjou. Before Charles entered Italy, however, Urban died at Perugia, Oct. 2, 1264. The sole ecclesiastical events of his pontificate were the general introduction of the festival of Corpus Christi (q.v.), and the negotiations for union with the Greek Church. (A. Hauck.)
BisLioGRAPHY: His “‘ Registers ’’ were edited by G. Guiraud, 2 vols., Paris, 1901; cf. MGH, Epist., iii (1883), 474 saqq. Consult: F. von Raumer, Geschichte der Hohenstaufen und threr Zeit, iv. 422 sqq., Leipsic, 1841; C. de Cherrier, Hist. de la lutie des papes . . . de la maison de Souabe, iii. 113 sqq., Paris, 1858; J. B. Magnan, Vie du pape Urbain IV., Paris, 1863; E. Georges, Hist. du pape Urbain IV., Paris, 1865; A. von Reumont, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, vol. ii., Berlin, 1867; F. Schirrmacher, Die letzten Hohenstaufen, Gottingen, 1871; O. Posse, Analecta Vaticana, pp. 15 sqq., 128 sqq., Innsbruck, 1878; F. Tenckhoff, Der Kampf der Hohenstaufen um die Mark Ancona, Paderborn, 1893; F. Gregorovius, Hist. of the City of Rome, v. 343 saq., London, 1897; K. Hampe, Urban IV. und Manfred, Heidelberg, 1905; Bower, Popes, ii. 571-574; Platina, Popes, ii. 94-97; Milman, Latin Christianity, vi. 80-91.
Urban V.: Pope 1362-70. He was born at Grisac (in the neighborhood of Mende), southern France,
Urban Urim