4. As nearness suggests comparison, such ex- pressions as 'set by,' 'set light by' are easily under- stood. (See Set.) But from this, ' by ' came to be used after verbs of thinking, knowing, etc. in the sense of ' about,' as Shaks. All's Well, V. iii. 237 —
• By him, and by this woman here, what know you?'
Then this passed into the meaning of ngninst, of which there is a probable* example in 1 Co 4* ' I know nothing by myself (RV 'against myself). Cf. Foxe, Hook of Martyrs : ' Thou hast spoken evil words by the queen . . .' ' No man living upon earth can prove any such things by me ' ; Sander- son, Works, ii. 37, ' Far be it from us to judge men's hearts, or to condemn men for tliat we Know not by them.' J. HASTINGS.
BY AND BY. — In earlier versions * by and by' is
the usual tr. of tvBus or tiBlus, as it then con- sistently meant iynmediately. Thus Latimer in one of liis sermons says, ' the clapper brake, and we could not get it mended by and by ; we must tarry till we can have it done. It shall be mended as shortly as may be.' But about 1611 this meaning was passing away.t ' The inveterate pro- crastination of men,' says "Trench, ' had caused it to designate a remoter term ; even as " presently" does not any longer mean "at this present," but "in a little while.'" So AV retains 'by and by' only in four places, Mt 13^' {cv6vi, RV 'straight- way'), Lk 17' (fiO^ws, RV 'straightway'), 21" (dOiw, RV 'immediately'), Mk 6^ (^foin-^s, RV 'forthwith'). J. Ha.stings.
BYWAY Only Jg 5« 'the travellers walked
through bj'ways' (ni^'fl'-s;', rfn-ix ; AVm and RVm ' crooked ways,' which is Coverdalc's tr. Moore points out that both words are in Mishnic Heb. used tropically of tortuous conduct ; but he be- lieves that here the first word, r'in-i.s', is erroneously repeated from the j)receding line to the detriment of both the [loetical exi)ression and the rhythm ; he translates ' those who travelled the roads went by roundabout paths '). In Eng. as in Heb. the word signifies, not a side road merely, but a secret path, a path to take in seeking to escape observation. Thus Spenser, F.Q. I. i. 28—
' That path he ki'pt which beaten wa« roost plaine, Ne ever would to any bye-way bend."
Hence the transition was easy to tortuous conduct, as Covcrdale's tr. of Is 57" ' he turueth him self, and foloweth ye bywaye of his owne hert.'
RV introduces 'bypaths' in Jer 18"> (n'i3>nj, AV, 'paths'). J.Hastings.
• Prohatile, for this meaning of • by^' though never common, is clearly n;(uie out; but the Gr. being tt^uaur^ (Villg. mihi) one is not certain that Tinrlale, whom the other* follow, did not misa the meanitig, anil tninslate the word a.s an itistnimental dative.
t Tindale and the Gen. Hihle have ' by and hv * in many plai-es in whii!h AV baa 'immeiliately.' Thus Mlt lin 'the fever for- soke hir bv and by* (Wye 'anoon,' Hheni. 'incontinent,' but L'ov. and the rest ai AV) ; to 2» V, Lk e*", Jn «>i, etc.
336
CiESAK
c
C. — This symbol is used in critical notes on the Text of OT and NT to indicate the readings of the Codex Ephraemi Syri rescriptus in the National Library at Paris. The MS is assimed to the 5th cent. Tischendorf, on somewliat slender grounds, suggests Egypt as its birthplace. In the 6th cent, tlie NT was carefully revised by the first corrector (C^). In the same or in the succeeding century some changes were introduced in the OT (C). Tiscliendorf hazards a conjecture that during this period of its history the MS was in Palestine. By tlie 9th cent., at any rate, it had found its way to Constantinople, and there the NT carae into the hands of a second corrector (C) who revised the MS for liturgical use.
In the 12th cent, the MS must have been taken to pieces, the separate sheets of vellum sponged over to obliterate the original WTiting, and then a certain number of the sheets used again to receive a Greek translation of some works of Ephraim the Syrian. Hence its description as a codex rescriptus or palimpsest. After the fall of Con- stantinople in 1453 the MS was taken into Italy, and finally passed into the hands of Catherine de Medici. At her death it became the property of the French Royal Library. Its real value was not recog- nised at first. It was not till the end of the 16th cent, that the older writing attracted attention. In 1716 Bentley set Wetstein to work at a syste- matic collation. In 1834 the MS was chemically treated to intensify the ancient writing — on the whole with good effect. Still the task of deciphering the faded letters calls for extraordinary patience and skill ; and Tischendorf deserves unstinted praise for the edition that he published (Leipzig 1843 and 1845) as the result of ten months' hard work in the Library at Paris.
The MS contains at present 209 leaves, written in single columns : 64 contain fragments of Job, Proverbs, Eccles. , Wis. of Sol. , Sirach, and Canticles ; 145 contain lar^e portions (not quite two-thirds of the whole) of NT, including fragments from every book except 2 Jn and 2 Th. The Ammonian sec- tions are marked in the margin of the Gospels, and the list of chapters at the beginning of St. Luke and St. John are preserved. There are no indica- tions of chapters in the other books of the NT. Hort has shown that there is reason to believe that Rev was transcribed from a separate exemplar, consisting of about 120 small leaves (Intr. p. 268).