2. Emmaus Nicopolis is not mentioned in OT, but appears as a place of importance in the time of the Maccabees. It was in the neighbouring plain that the Syrian army was defeated by Judas (I Mac 3«- n 4»--»). Emmaus was one of the towTis fortified by Bacchides in order to 'vex' Israel (1 Mac 9*"-, Jos. Ant. XIII. i. 3).
LmmATORB.— Robinson, liliP Iii. 147 f.; OuSrin, Jvdte, L »(.. 801 1.; Reland, Pal. 427, 758; Thomson. Land and Book, L 116, 123 ff., l:!2. ii. 69; Sehwarz, Dot heil. Land, p. 98; Neu- bauer, Gtog. du Talmud, 101 (., 162 f.; Bacdcker-Socin, Hdbk. to Pal. 141 ; Sepp, Das heU. Land, I. 42 ; PUfSt, 1876, 172, 174 ; 1879, 105; 1881, 46, 237, 274 ; 1882, 24, 69; 1883, 63. 66 ; 1884. 83, 189, 243; 1886, 116, 160; 1886, 17; Smith, BGHl 214; Schiirer, HJP L 1. 215, 236. iL 231, 253. 3869., II. I. I57ff.;
Conder, Tent Work in Pal. 8. 140 ; Bible Placet, 73, 103 ; Keim, Jenui of Xazara, vi. 306 ; Caspari, Chronot.-Geog. Leffn Jetu \ Andrevn, Life of our Lord, 617-619. C. R. CONDKR.
EMMER (A 'EAiMiip. B 'E/i7)p), 1 Es 9=".— In Ezr
Iff" IMMEK.
EMMERUTH (A 'E/i/ivpo^'e, B 'Epuvpot, AV Meruth), 1 Es S". — A corruption of Inimer in Ezr 2". Probably 'E/ifirjp was first Grecized into 'E/iMW'. and the form in A arose from mistaking 'Efi/i-fipov for a nominative. The AV is due to the Aldine text, which has viol (k 'MripovS for v. 'Efi/x. H. St. J. Thackeray. EMULATION is now used only in a good sense, healthy rivah-y. But about Itill it wavered be- tween that and a distinctly bad meaning, 'am- bitious strife,' or ' malicious envy.' Shakespeare uses it in both ways, and of the three occurrences in AV, two are bad (1 Mac 8'«, Gal 5™, both (ijXos) and one good (Ro 11" 'If by any means I iiiay provoke to e.', ft ttus Trapa^i}\iJi(Tu, RV ' to jeal- ousy'). The Douay Bible uses 'emulation' of God, after Vulg. cemulatio, in Ps 78"" ' in their grauens they provoked him to emulation,' where AV has 'jealousy' ('moved him to jealousy with their graven images'). For the sense of 'mali- cious envy' take the Rheims tr. of Ac 7' 'the Patriarches through emulation, sold Joseph into ^■Etrypt.' Emulation and envy are distinguished and discussed by Trench, NT Synonyms, p. 83 fl'., in his article on the Gr. words irjKoi and ipedvos.
J. Hastings. ENABLE occurs only 1 Ti 1", and it is used, without an infinitive following, in the obsolete or at least archaic sense of 'strengthen.' Cf. Mul- caster (1581), Positions, xli. 232, 'Exercise to en- able the body'; and Melvill, Diary (Wodrow, p. 280), ' obteining of God's mercie that night's reiio.se, quhilk I luiked nocht for, to inable me for the morne's action. ' J. Hastings.
ENAIM (c'j-j!), probably the same as Enam (c;-V') which is mentioned among the towns of lowland Judah in Jos 15". From the reference to Enaim in Gn 38"- " we gather that it was the name of a village on the road to Timnah ; and, as the incident recorded in this chapter is prefaced by the mention of the sojourn of Judah with his friend Hirah the Adullamite, the village possibly stood on the road between Timnah and AduUam. In Jos 15" Enam stands in the same group of towns with Tappuah and Adullam and Azekah.
The AV in its rendering Gn 38" 'in an open place' (RV 'in the gate of Enaim'), and Gn 3S^' ' openly by the way side ' (RV ' at Enaim by the way side ), has followed the explanation adopted by the Targums, the Pesh. Syriac, and the Latin Vulgate {in bivio itineris), on the supposition that 'enayim had its usual meaning 'eyes,' and was not a proper name. Cf. Jerome, who, comment- ing on the words 'Et sedit ad portam Enam,' remarks ' Sermo Hebraicus Enaim transfertur in oculos. Non est ijjitur nonien loci ; sed est sensus: sedit in bivio, sive in compito, ubi dili- gentius debet viator aspicere, quod iter gradiendi capiat.' The Old Latin (Lyons Pant.) and the LXX (Khiv) rightly rendered the word as a proper name. The double form Enaim and Enam may be com- pared with Dothain and Dothan (Gn 37" and 2 K 6"). The meaning of the name was [iresuiiiably 'the two springs. Conder has identified it with Kh. Wady Alin, which is close to Beth-shemesh and En-gannim. H. E. Ryle.
ENAN (try 'having fountains,' or 'eyes' i.e. 'keen- eyed,' Alvi'p).— Prince of Naphtali at the first census (Nu li»2^7™-'' Iff"?).
EXASIBUS
EXDEAVOUB
701
ENASIBUS (A 'Evdat^os, B -«-), 1 Es 9".— In Ezr lO*" Kliasiiib. The form is probably due to read- ing A I as X.
ENCAMPMENT BY THE SEA. — One of the
stations in the itinerary of the children of Israel, where they encamp after leavinj; Eliin, Nu 33'" [see Emm]. If the position of Elini be in the Wady Ghuruiidel, then the camp by the sea is on the shore of the Gulf of Suez, somewhere south of the point where the Wady Tayibeh opens to the coast. The curious return of the line of march to the seashore is a phenomenon that has always arrested the attention of travellers to Mt. Sinai : and if Mt. Sinai be really in the so-called Sinaitic peninsula, the camp can be located within a half-mile. [But it is within the bounds of a reasonable probability that the ' Encampment by the Sea ' may mean the Gulf of 'Akabah, and Sinai be out of the peninsula.] St. Silvia of Aquitaine [? in the year 388] returned from the traditional Sinai, anil especially notices the approach of the line of march to the seashore (' pervenimus ad maiisionem, quai erat jam super mare, id est in eo loco, ubi iam de inter montes exitur, et incipitur denuo totum iam iu.vta mare ambulari ; sic tamen iuxta mare, ut subito tluctus animalibus pedes cedat'). Her identihcation is that of an accepted tradition which must be many years older than herself. It is very valuable evidence for a Christian tradition which is sensibly constant in her time, and shows no signs of liavin;^ undergone any revision at the hands of ecclesiastics. J. Rendel llABlilS.