Ditlerent h.indicrafts require hammers of dilierent shapes and weights, and, in Syria, each kind has a ilistinctive name. The hammers used in carpentry and smith work are much the same as those used in the same occupations in Knrope. lint in masonry the variety of hammers is great. In the i|uarry the rock is split by a large hammer, weighing from 18 to 22 lb., called the iiinlniddi. The head of this hanimiT is round at one end, being used for driving weilges into the rock. The other end is llattened from side to siile, so as to _^ conline the imjiact to a
narrow line. This enil of the hammer is used to strike the rock be- tween the hedges, and the constant beating causes a vibration in the rock, which in- crca-ies till it splits in the line of the wedges.
AV'hcn the stone comes from the quarry, it is roughly shapeil by the iim/i'iddi, and the mason takes another kind of haminiT to
■nA^Cr,
square it and give it a sliajie to lit it for build- ing.
This hammer is called the sluikvf. Both ends of the head of this hammer are square, but the one is 1 in. sijuare and Hat, the other is nearly 2 in. scpiare, but sunk in the centre to the depth of half an inch, .so that the edges are sharp. The Hat end is used for striking oil' projections, while the end with sharpened edges is used for squaring ai^ I trimming the stone. The .stone is often used for building after being trimmed by the shakiif, but sometimes a border is made round the face of the stone, leaving the middle rough.
KIK. HKAD OP BIIAIIl^AII OR MIXIIAT.
This is done bj- the hik, which is a hammer with one end pointed, and the other Hat and eliisel- shajied.
When the stone is to be maile smooth it is first made (juite Hat with the |iointed end of the lj',1:, and is then worked over with a hammer called the sliiiliiiliik or iiiinliiit.
The .•ihtilnilidi has two very broad chisel-shaped ends, about 4 in. broad, cut into a number of teeth like a saw. The teeth at one end are coarse and aliout 12 in number, and at the other end smaller and about 24 in number.
\Vln'n the stone has been carefully gone over with the .■iliiiliiiliili, it is sometimes ]iolished. This is done by rubbing it with another stone, sand and water being put between.
All these tools are of very ancient date. In the oldest part of the temple of Baalbek marks of all of these tools are found. Even the three immense stones in the west wall have their ujiper and under surfaces smoothed \\ ith the ahnh litfth^ onl}' the tool seems to have been much smaller than the one used in Lebanon at the ]iresent tinu', being only about 2 or 2J in. broad.
The hanimer and chisel are used for very line work, such as carving, or when a very sharp lino edge is to be given to a stone, seldom for any other purpose. The chisel is made of tile steel. The hannuer, called a miitiiihit, is so shapeil that lines dr.iwn along the faces of «*8<"'"i' matrakat. the hammer would meet nearly at the end of the handle. Wooden mallets are never used.
The stone of I.elianon is very hard limestone, which exiilains why hammers are preferred to chisels in hewing it. W. Cakslaw.
HAMMOLECHETH (n:'-in Mho queen '?).—.-Vcc. to I li. ;.. IK ,il .;_\ ill I Cli 7"' " II. was the daughter of Maeliir and siller of (lilead. The correctness of the text is not beyond su.spicion. LXX reads MaXf.x'"- See (.iKXEALOOV.
HAMMON (i'lrij 'hot spring'). — 1. A town in Xaphtali, I fh (5™ [lleb."'), prob. identical with ll.\M.M.vni (which see). 2. A town in Asher, Jos I'.r-^. Its site is uncertain. Schult/. suggested '.lin Jlniiiiil, some 10 ndles south of Tyre, but liobinson
292
HAMMOTH-DOR
HANAN
{BliP' iii. 66 note) lays no great stress upon tliis identiQcation. llenan {Mission de Phfnirie, 708 ir.) found at Khurbet Uinin cl-'A /nud, near the coast im- mediately N. of the Ladder of Tyre, two Phoenician inscriptions {CIS vol. i. pt. i.) in honour of Baal llamuion. In the valley to the E. is 'Ain Ilaimil. Uiiiin el- Annul, ' mother of the pillar,' includes the ruins of a building: which is probably a temple of IJiuvI. On the hill side lies a great sarcopliagus with a rudely carved eagle. The texts belong to the Ptolemaic period (3rd cent. B.C.). The name may be that of the Egyptian God ^ manu or A Ttien. See Sll'P vol. i. sh. iii., and vol. iii. Appendix. The identification of Il.immon with Ummel-'Amud is al.so considered by Guerin (Galih'c, ii. 141) and Bulil {GAP 22.^) to be the most probable.
C. li. CONDER. HAMMOTH-DOR (niii nb-).— A Levitical city in Naphtali, Jos 21''^ probably identical with Ham- MATU (which see).
HAMMUEL (VxiEn, AV Eamnel).— A Simeonite of the family of Shaul, 1 Ch 4". See Gene- ALOGV.
HAMONAH (.x\Dn 'multitude,' LXX ndXvivSpiov). ^The name of a city to be-built in commemora- tion of the defeat (?) of Gog (Ezk 39"=). The pas- sage is obscure, and the originality as well as the precise reading of the MT doubtful. Instead of .ijian Ty-o?' C31, Cornill would read .ijiDq ijji ' and it is all over with this multitude.' If the words are an interpolation, the allusion may be to the city of Bethshean, which may have derived its name Scythopolis from the Scythian invasion in the 7th cent. B.C. (See Bertholet, Das Buck Hcsehiel, 193). J. A. Selbie.