' Hamath-stoncs' (so-called Hittite inscriptions in relief on black close-"rained ba.salt) ; and the enormous water - wheels, used for bringing the waters of the Orontes to the houses and gardens situated on the hill above the river. He lioes not, liowever, mention the catacombs, said to have ex- isted high up on the right bank. The town, which is ilivitled into four quarters, Harlher, el-Jisr, el- Ahijnt, and cl-Mecline (the quarter of the Chris- tians), contained at Burckh.anlt's visit about 4446 houses and nearly 11,000 male inhabitants.
LiTF.HATPRB. — Pooockc, Description of the Eaxt, ii. i. USff. ; BurckharcU, TraveU in Si/ria ami the' lioly Land (1S2'2), pp. H.'iir. ; Robinson, Bft/'a iii. 5.')1 ; Baedeker-Scwin, Pa/ » ;i«S (. ; Uelitzscli, Paradiet, 275 0.; Sayce, UCil (Index); lluiuini;!, Semit. I'Olker^ L 189; Driver oa Am 6^; E. Me\c-r, Gegchichle^
i 197. I. A.' Pinches.
HAMATHITE ('ncnn).— The gentilic name from Hamath (which see)! Gn 10'«=1 Ch 1".
HAMATH-ZOBAH (njW-n'jq, B Bo.ffu^d, A Mtuie Tu^d, Luc. 'EfidOjovBd). — The identity of this city is still doubtful, iiy some scholars it is even re- garded as the same as Hamatli, but the Greek form Bai<ru/3d would seem to indicate that it was distinct from that place. It is mentioned only once in the Scriptures (2 Ch 8'), when Solomon is said to have ' prevailed against it,' and, being spoken of in connexion with Tadmor and llamath, we may conclude that it was in the same neighbour- hood. That it was anotlier Hamath to which Zobah was added to distinguish it from the better- known city of Hamath is possible, but at present unprovable. It has not yet been found in the cuneiform inscriptions, consequently no light is thrown on it from that source. I. A. PINCHES.
HAMMATH (n;ri 'hot spring').— ' Father of the house of Kecliab,' 1 Ch 2". See Genealogy.
HAMMATH (n^n 'hot spring'). —One of the 'fenced' cities of Na|ihtali, Jos \9^, probably the same as Hammon of 1 Ch 6" [Heb. "'] and Ham- moth-dor of Jos 2P'^. It is doubtless the Hamntd of the Talmud (Eruhin, v. 5; MegUlah, 2//), the Emmaus or Atnm/ithus of Jos. (Aiii. XVIII. ii. 3) and the modern Ilamm/lm, 35 minutes' walk S. of Tiberias, so famous for its hot baths. There are four springs, tlie water of which reaches a tempera- ture of 144° Fahr. The taste is described by Robinson as excessively salt and bitter, like that of heated sea- water ; there is also a strong smell of sulphur, but no taste of it. The neighbourhood is crowded, especially in the month of July, with patients from all parts of Syria. The baths are considered to be very efficacious in rheumatic com- plaints
LiTBKiiTRB. — Neubauer, Gfoq. du Talm. 207 ; Robinson, BHP'^ ii. 383 9. ; O. A. Smith, llQUL ihni. : Ou«rin, GaliUe, L 2711 ff. ; Buhl, GAP 116, 226 ; Outhe, ZDPV xiii. (1891) 284 ; Wilson, Recovery oj J erut. 3»2. J. A. SELBIE.
HAMMEAH, THE TOWER OF, AV The tower
of Meah (iNjri Vijp, wvpyo^ tCiv inaTdv, turris centum ciihitorum,' turns Emath), Neh 3' 12=".— A tower on the walls of Jerus. which stood near the tower of Hananel (which see), between the Sheep gate on the east and the Fish gate on the west. These two towers, which apparently had not been pulled down when the walls were dismantled in the time of Ezra, were probably situated near the north- eastern comer of the city (cf. Jer SI'*, Zee 14'"). Perhaps they were both defences of the fortress (birah) which commanded the temple area. The origin of the name ' tower of Hammeah,' or ' tower of the hundred ' (RVm), is obscure. It has been suggested in explanation that the tower was 100 cubits high, or that it was approached by 100 steps.
HA31MEJDATHA
HAM-MUX
201
or that it required a garrison of ItX) men (see Ityssel, ad luc, i>]>. 153, ;iul f.). II. A. WlllTi;.
HAMMEDATHA(N.:--n, A^^d5a0os ['!,-■<,,]), EstS'"" 8' 'J'"- -'). — Tlie father of Hainan. The name is prohahly Persian ; for the termination compare Arithitha ; possiljly the etymolo<.'y isH^<(/l = moon + (/n<«=given (Oj/. Ilcb. Lex.).
HAMMELECH (■'";n) occurs as a proper name in AV anil i:\'m of Jer HO-" 3S", hut there is little douht that the rendering ouglit to he ' the king,' as in II V and AV'm (LXX toO (ia<rt\iais).
HAMMER Tlie lleb. word njup rtmhMbiih (in
Jg 4-' nzp7) is tr. in Arab, by two words, mitndat, a wooden mallet, and iiuitnihil, the ordinary Araliie word for a hammer. It was a mitridnt, a mallet used lij- the Bedawin and others for driving tent pegs into the ground, whieli Jael used to kill Sisera, Jg 4-'. By many, mnl.Lubtih is considered to be the source of the name Jliiccahceus, which Mould thus mean 'the hammerer.' P'p? prittiah (Is 41", used lig. in Jer 23-"' of the word of the Loltl), and in 50-^ of Lain l<m, ' the hammer of the whole earth) is evidently the same as the Arab. yW/Av, a large heavy liamnier.
The hammer is proljably the most ancient of all tools. In its original form, a stone held in the hand, it is often used at the present daj-. The form soon changeil ; astick fastened to thestone gave the blow m<jre precision and greater force. Metals super- .sedeil stones, and great variety was given to the shape of the hammer head, so as to i>rnduee a more exact eli'ect. The hammer is a most important and v.ahiable tool ; the permanent elieet Jiroduced by a blow of the lightest hammer is greater than that obtained by the steady pressure of a mass of iron many hundred limes its weight.