SIO
HAUKAX
HAVE
Salc-Iind, with its mis'ity fortress crowning tlio Eoutlicni lioi;;lits, are tlie most outstanding foatures. The range ell'ectually guards the fertile readies to westward against the encroachment of the desert Bands. The mountain is referred to in the Mishna 83 ' Mount Haurfln,' one of tlie stations whence flashed the fire-signals announcing the advent of the new year (Rosh hash-Shannh, iu 4). The name Jebel liaur&n is now interchangeable with Jebel ed-Druze. After the terrible massacres of 1860, many Dnize families moved eastward, occupied the S. E. district of el-Lej.l", and became masters of the greater part of the mountain. The in- accessible nature of tlie country gives them a great advantage over anj' attacking force. Until recent
{rears their submission to the Turkisli Government las been hardly more than nominal. With the exception of tlie clumps of trees around Sheikh Sa'ad, the reputed home of Job, and el-Merkez, the plain is treeless. In el-Lejft, here and there, are a few stunted shrubs. The mountain is well wooded, and fruitful vineyards cling to many of the slopes.
Materials for the history of Haurfln are very scanty, and do not go beyond the 1st cent. B.C. Towards the end of his reign Alexander JnnniBUs brought the western part of Hauran under his dominion ; but eastward, Aretas the Arabian, or rather Nabata-an, held sway. The Nabatajans were driven southward by the Romans B.C. 64, but continued to hold Bozrah and Salchad. Herod the Great, succeeding to the government, did much to hold ui check tlie lawless bands who infested the province, and indulged his taste for temple build- mg. The oldest Greek inscription in these parts was found in a ruined temple at Si'a, near Kana- wat, on the pedestal of a statue erected to him during his lifetime. Under his son Philip a period of great prosperity seems to have been enjoyed. On Philip's death, after an interval of 3 years, Herod Agrippa received the province from Caligula. In an inscription found at Kanawftt, he sneaks of the inhabitants ' dwelling in caves like wild beasts ' (Waddington, 2329a). Agrippa died in A.D. 44, and for 9 years the province was administered by the Romans. Then Claudius gave it to Agrippa II., who died A.D. 100, when the region was linally associated with the Roman province of Syria. In A.D. 106 the Nabatseans were at last reduced, and the province of Arabia constituted. The capital of the new province was Bozrah, which city is so closely identified with Haurdn that an ancient proverb says, ' the prosperity of Bozrah ia the prosperity of Haurftn.'
Under the Romans civilization advanced, and, as evidenced by the remains of churclies and in- scriptions, Christianity made rapid progress. In A.D. 632 the Moslem hordes from Arabia burst over the province like a tornado, and the blight swiftly fell, which lies heavy on the land to-day. The latest notice of a Cliristian building is an inscription found by the present writer at el-Kufr, which records the foundation of a church in A.D. 720 (see PEFSt, July 1895, Inscrip. No. 150). Of the cities whose dark ruins are so numerous throughout the region, none can be said \nt\i certainty to date beyond the Roman period ; although several, such as Kanawflt and Bozrah, eWdently occupy ancient sites. Many houses, built entirely— l)oth walls and roof — of basalt, the heavy doors and window shutters of the same durable material, still easily swinging on their stone hinges, stand to-day almost as complete as when, centuries ago, their last tenants departed. The underground dwellings for which the district is noted doubtless belong to a much more remote antiquity. The crumblLnij villages that dot the plain and stud the mountain slopes are nearly all
built of materials taken from neighbouring ruins. They have yielded a fine harvest of inscriptions, relating chielly to the earlier centuries of our era. The rude builders, ignorant of the value attaching to these remains, have destroyed much. Thus it comes that 'written stones,' carved capitals, and bit.s of sculpture, memorials of a great and splendid past, may now so often be found amid surround- ings of squalor and decay.
I .ITFRATURE. — Wetzstein. Reiaebmcht vbfr den Haunin (ISOO); Deliusch, lliolA S97ff. ; BaedekerSocin, Pal. 19j|I. ; ^^■hu^nacho^, Aeroit Vie Jordan; G. A. Smith, ItilliL 5i>2f., BIJ9II. ; Buhl, OAP {laiat); Schurer, UJP (Imlcx. «. ■ Aunm- lUs'). \V. EWINO.
HAVE. — Although ' have,' both as auxiliary and as finite verb, is used in many archaic expressions in AV, its meaning is nearly always obvious, and its obsolete uses are few. Tlie foil, examples may be given : —
1. To have, as a finite verb, is to possess, as Lk 8" ' there met him out of the city a certain man, which had devils long tiine ' (5s cXx^, edd. ?xw) ; 2 Co 1' ' But we had the sentence of death in ourselves' (^rrxTixo^ueK, RV 'yea, we ourselves have had the answer of death within ourselves').
2. Have, followed by some subst., has the force of the verb corresponding to the subst., as 'have indignation,' Mt 26», Mk 14^ (cf. Lk 15=« Rliem. ' But he had indignation and would not go in ') ; ' have compassion,' Lk 15*, He 10^ ; ' have understanding,' Lk 1'; 'have regard,' Ac 8"; ' liave knowledge,' Ac 17" ; ' have rejoicing,' Gal 6*; 'have trial/ He 11-". Cf. Ac 20^ Kliem. 'he had councel to retume through Macedonia.'