Next in importance and sequence of time to Sidon was the seaport of Tyre, situated about 20 miles S. of Sidon, and, like it, having a double harbour to the N. and S. of the promontory, which jutted out from the coast and terminated in a ridge of coralline rock. It was one of several islets lying at some distance from the shore. Only the events connected with the biblical history of Tyre and Sidon can here be referred to.f In the time
■ Itnwlinaon, //iji(. Pha-n. K\, 407; Conder, Tfnt-Wark in Pat. 1)5.
t For charts of Tyre and Sidon, see lUwlinsou, Fhtxnieia, pp. 0«, 71.
of Solomon, Tyre had reached a high state of eminence under Hiram, who rendered assistance to Solomon in the l)uilding of the temple (1 K 5) and in sui>pl}'ing sailors for the fleet built at Kzion- geber, which traded to Ophir for gold (1 K 9-"). (See Red Sea). In NT history these cities are memorable for the visit of our Lord to their neigh- bourhood (Mt 15-'), and the miracle of healing in the case of the daughter of the Syrophajnician woman (Mk 7^). Hut the glories of Tyre and Sidon have long since departed. In the height of their prosi)crity these Phoenician cities were centres of cruelty, licentiousness, and idolatry, which sealed their doom. When Alexander cap- tured Tyre, the population of the city appears to have been about 40,000 souls ; it is now a miser- able fishing village with about a tenth of th.at number of inhabitants. The prophecies of Kzekiel have been literally fulfilled in the present state o) these once nourishing cities (Ezk 20'- 27'-).
The Fair Havens (wh. see) are of interest in connexion with the voyage of St. Paul to Italy (Ac 27'-'), and their position has been clearly deter- mined ; the name being [(reserved in the present Kalui Limenes." They consist of two contiguous roadsteads on the S. side of the island of Crete (Kandia), about 5 m. E. of Cape Matala (Theodia), and not far from the city of Lasea, of which they were the ports. In this position ships were secure afjainst winds from the N.E., such as ' Euraquilo,' wliich burst upon the ship carrying the apostle at a later period of his voyage after leaving the island.1
E. Hull.
HAYILAH(n^in, E^eiXoT, EefiXrf, Hevila).—A son of Cush according to Gn 10', 1 Ch 1^ of Joktan according to Gn 10=", 1 Ch r^. In Gn 2"- '^ the Pison is said to compass the land of II., where there was gold, bdellium, and ' the »7(u/i«/«-stone,' while in Gn 25" the Ishinaelite tribes are described as extending ' from Havilah unto Shur,' the ea-^tern frontier of Egypt, and in 1 S 15' Saul is stated to aave smitten the Anialekites or Hedawtn from Havilah (but here Glaser, Skizze, ii.320, would read Hachilah) to Shur. H. will thus be the ' sand}' ' desert of N. Arabia extending from the Joktanite district of Ophir on the Persian Gulf to the neighbourhood of^ Edoni. Glaser identifies it with JemAma in N.E. Arabia, but its western l)Oundary will have been nearer the Shur or 'Fortified Lines' of Egypt. The «Aw/i«»i-stone which came from it was perhaps the Assyrian saintii, which seems to have been the malachite or turqnoisc. At an early period the Arabian tribes made their way across the Red Sea to the opposite coast of Africa ; hence H. is included among the descendants of Cush. The name of the Cushite Havilah is possibly preserved in the classical Aualis, now /eila' in Somfili-land. A district of Khaul.'in (yaulfin) is mentioned in the inscriptions of S. Arabia; this is either Kliaul.ln in Tihilmah, be- tween Mecca and Sana, or another Khaul.'in S. E. of Sana. Niebuhr further found a yuwailah on the Persian Gulf. The name, in fact, was widely 8]>read in Arabia, and Yakut states that Uawil was the name of a dialect spoken by the people of Meliri in the east of Hadramaut. The Jleliri is the modern rej>resentativo of the language of the Sab;ean inscriptions.
LlTBRATCRK. — Dillniiinn, Getifsit, Enc. tr. i. 129 f.; Glaser, SkUzf, ii. 323 ff. ; E. ileyer, (Jetch. d. AlUrihum*, i. 224 ; Savce, IIC3I its II. ; papers in the Expo». Timet, viii. (1S97), 378, 431 (., 473, 526, by Uoiumcl, Cbe>'ne, and Nestle.
A. H. Sayck.
• Smith of Jordanhill. Voyo'jf and Shipxcreck qf St. Pavfl, lS5(i : Kanisay, 5(. I'aui the TratvUer, ch. xiv.
t The storm veas* probably an anticyclone, which at first drove the ship in the direction of the Syrtvs, but oftcrwanls carried it, by Its rotalorv motion, northivartls into that p:irt of tUf Mediterranean called * Adria,' now known u the loniiui S«c
51S
HA\^^OTH-JAIR
IIAZAEL
HAVVOTH-JAIR (tk; mn, i.e. ' the tent-villages* of .lair').— A jiroiip of towns in Giluiul, in the territory that was reckoned to the hall-trihe of Maiiasseh. In Dt 3" and Jos IS*" (both 1)-) the Havvoth-.Jnir are inii)roperly located in liit.i/inn, and in the latter passage they appear also to be confounded with the sixty fortresses of tlie Argob from which they are expressly distinguished in I K 4". Unsuccessful attempts have been made by Keil and others to liarnKinize the statements of K- with tlie testiniony of JE (Nu 3-2^-", corroborated by Jg 10*, 1 K i", 1 Cli 2--) that the llavvoth- Jair were situated in Gileod, Varying expl.uia- tions of the origin of the name areollered in () 1'. AVhile in Nu 32" and Dt S" Jair is a contemporary of Moses, in Jg 10* he is one of the judges. This variety of statement corresponds to the dill'erent OT traditions as to the settlement of the territory E. of the Jordan. The oldest narratives of tlie Hex. know of only t)no trans- Jordanic tribes, Kouben and Gad. (Compare Nu 32'-^- with vv.^- •»-•'-). Even in the Son" of Deborah (.Jg u'-") Maehir is still one of the W. tribes, and only at a much later date became the desi'mtition of tlie Manassites in Gilead. This latter district, tliere is reason to believe, was really conquered from the west, after the occupation of Canaan proper. Hence in Jg lO* (which, however, is ethnograiihical rather than historical) there may be preserved the memory of an expedition led across the Jordan by Jair after the territory originally occupied by M;in- asseh had proved too small for that tribe. See further, Jaik.