HAZAEL (Sxin, Sx.-itq 'whom God beholds.' 'AfaiiX BA Luc. Assyr. ^aza'ilu). — A powerful king of Syria who reigned contemporaneously with Jehoram (last 3 or 4 years), Jehu, and Jehoahaz kin^s of Israel, and Jehoram, Ahaziah, Athali.ah, and Joash of Judah. Hazael is first mentioned 1 K 19"' ", where Elijah at Horeb r&
HAZAIAII
HAZEL
:; 1 ?.
ceives commission to anoint him king over Syria, tint he may execute J'"s vengeance a^'ainst the liival worshippers of Israel. At this time he must have been an ollicial at the court of the Sj-rian kinf; Ben-hailad II., for some time later he was sent to Elisha at I)ama.scus to inquire the issue of his master's sickness. The prophet marked him out as the future kin"; of Syria and oppressor of Israel, and accordinj,'ly Hazael seized the earliest opjior- tunity to murcfer Ben-hadad and usurp the throne (2 K 8''"). He seems to have been soon engaged in hostilities with the n<'if,'hbouring kingdom of Israel, meeting the allii'il forces of Jehoram and Ahaziah of Judah at Kamoth-gilead (2 K 8^=* 9"- "). Hazael gained a series of successes against Jehu, devastating all his country E. of Jordan, from the Arnon in the S. to the land of Bashan in the N. (2 K 10*^- ^) ; and throughout the reign of Jelioahaz, Jehu's successor, he made constant encroachment upon the territory of Israel (2 KI3--). It was not till after Hazael's death that Joash son of Jehoaliaz was able successfully to repel the aggressions of Syria under Ben-hadad III. son of Hazael (2 K 13-''- ■^). A century later the remem- brance of Hazael was still fresh in the minds of the men of Israel, and Amos uses the expression ' the house of Hazael ' as a parallel to ' the palaces of Ben-hadad ' (Am l*). Ilazael further directed his arms against the S. of Palestine, besieging and taking Oath, and then marching against Jerusalem, from which he was only bought oir by tribute sent by Joa.sb king of Judah out of the temple treasures (2 K 12"- "). According to 2 Ch 24^- •" a battle took place, in which the Syrians with a small army defeated the larger forces of the king of Judah.
Hazael ligures more than once in the cuneiform inscriptions. Shalmaneser II., who in the early part of his reign had defeated an alliance formed by Dadidrx (Ben-hadad II.), Ahab of Israel, and other kings, and again in the 14th j'ear of his reign had a second time worsted Dadidri (COT i. 191 tl'.), states that in his 18th year (B.C. 842) he joined battle with Hazael of Dama.scus, who had a.ssembled a large army and entrenched himself upon the mountain of Sanir in the Anti-Lebanon. The Syrian king was defeated, and lost 16,000 warriors, 1121 chariots, and 470 horsemen, to- gether with his stores. Barely escaping with his life, he shut himself up in Dama-scus, which was besieged by the enemy, but, apparently, not captured, since Shalmaneser merely states ' his plantations I destroj'ed.' The same inscription speaks of Jehu aa paying tribute to Shalmaneser ' at that time ' ; audit may thus be plausibly in- ferred that the aid of Assyria against the Syrians had been solicited by Jehu, as was done by Ahaz of Judah in later times (2 K W). Three years later, in the 2l8t J'ea.r of his reign, Shalmaneser again marched against Hazjiel and took possession of hU cities {COT i. 197 f., 200 f.}.
C. F. BURNEY.
HAZAIAH (n;m 'J" hath seen'). — A descendant of Judah (Neh 11»). See Genealoov.
HAZAR-ADDAR (-nirTsn, 'irouVt 'ApdJ).— A place on the southern l>orilcrof Canaan, west of Kadesh- liamea, Nu 34*. It appears to l;e the same as Hczron (which see) of .Jos 15', whicli in the latter passage is connected with but se[>anited from Addar (which see).
HAZAR-ENAN ([)•;• -isn, once Ezk 47" Hazap- enon i^j'v).— A place mentioned in Nu ,14' '" as the northern Iniundary of Israel, and in Ezk 47' 48' as one of the ideal Ixiunilaries. It wa-s perhaps at the Bf)urce» of the Oronte.s. \\i\\\\ {U AP *i' , 111, 240) and Bertholet (Ilcsrkiel, 244) suggest that it is
identical with the well-known Banias, while v. Kasteren would locate it at el-Ifndr farther to the east, on the way from Banias to Dama.scus, but these sites appear to be too far south.
C. R. COXDEH. HAZAR-GADDAH (.-ns-is-).— An unknown town in the e.\treiiie south of Judah (Jos lo-').
HAZARMAVETH (nic-|sn). — The eponj-m of a Joktanite clan, Gn lu^= 1 Ch 1-'°, descrioed as a ' son ' of Joktan, lifth in order from Shem. The name occurs in Sabiean inscriptions as nicisn and n:;^i•,^ [ZDMG xix. (1865) 23!) If., xxxi. 74 ff.). Its identity with the modem Hadrainaut is certain, and Hazarmavetli is probably also the same as the land of the XaT-pa/iurriToi, one of the four chief tribes of S. Arabia as described by Strabo (xvi. iv. 2). They were celebrated for their traffic in frank- incense. For their history see Arabia, p. 133''. The modem IJudramaut is not so extensive as the ancient.
LiTERATORK.— Dillmann and Spuirell on On 10* ; in addition to above references to ZDMG see also xxii. G:>S, xxx. 323, xliv. IS6 ; Glaser, Skizzc, ii, 20, 423 ff, ; especially for account of inscriptions, Ilommel, AHT 77 8., 270, 274, 318 J., 321 n., and Sayce, HCH 39 f. J. A. SELBIE.