LiTKiuTtJiiK.— Hudde, Richt. u. Sam. 34, S8t , 87, 97 ; Kuenen, //ex. (Macmillan), 47, 101, 254; Wellhauscn, Comp. 117, 218 n., HUt. 0/ /»r. and Jud. 33 n. ; Driver, Deut. 65 f. ; (!raf, Di-r Stamm Simeon, 4 1. ; Moore, Judget, 274 f. ; W. R. Smith, KS,
s^n- J. A. Selbie.
HAWK (n nSz, Upa^, accipiter). — A generic word for birds of the liawk tribe. It probably includes all the species of the genera Accipiter, Falcu, Circus, and Pernv), and perhaps Buteo, and ex- cludes those of Milmis and Elanus, which have special names in Hebrew, da'ah, dayynh, and 'aijyilh (see Glede, Kite). The following is a list of the hawks found in Palestine and Syria : —
1. Accipiter nisus, L., the Sparroio JTntrk (Arabic hUshik). It is common over the whole country. 2. A. brevipes,Sev., the Levant Sparroro Hawk. It is much rarer than the last. It is recognized by its short thick tarsi. 3. Pernis apicorus, L., the Uoney Buzzard. It is one of the resident species, but is rather rare. 4. F<dco peregrinus, Tunst., the Peregrine Falcon (Arabic Tair-el-hurr). It is confined to the coast and westera watershed of the mountains. 5. /'. lanarius, Sclil., the Lanner (Arabic sMhin and sokr). This is the most common of the large falcons, and is a permanent resident. It resorts more esp. to the deserts. It is trained by the natives for falconry. 6. F. Sacer, Giiiel. , the Sakcr Falcon (Arabic sukr). It is confined to the ujiland forests E. of the Jordan. It is esteemed by the Arabs the finest of all the falcons, and tlie name of Beni-Sokr, one of the tribes E. of the Dead Sea, is derived from this species. 7. F. svbbutco, L., the Hobby, is a summer visitor to Pal. 8. F. eleonorce. Gene., the Eleonora Falcon, is also a summer Wsitor only. Tristram found it only in the Buka (Coelesyria). 9. F. o'.salon, Tunst., the Merlin, is a ^vinter visitor to Palestine. 10. F. vesper- iinus, L., the Med-legged Hobby, is a rare summer
• Baw^th \b probably connected with the Arab. Aiwa, * a collection of tentfl.' ' It may have orij^nally denoted agroup of Bedawin t«nt«, but with the transition to pastoral life it would naturally be applied to more permanent settlementa' (Moore, t/udges, p. 274).
nsitor. 11. F. tinnunrtdu.<!, L., the /I'M^rc/ (Arabic bi'is/iik^. is the commonest of all the hawks, and is universal throughout I'nl. and Syria. 12. /'. cenchris, Cuv. , the Le.iser Kestrel, is a spring and summer visitor, but, on its arrival, consorts with tlie bust. 13. Cirrus a-rngincus, L., the Marsh Harrier (Arab, dari'ah), is common over the marshes and plains. 14. C. cineraceus, Mont., tliB Ash-coloured Harrier, is rare, but resident. 15. C. cyamus, L. , the Hen Harrier, is also common. 16. C. tiivain-simii. Smith, the Pallid Harrier, is especially found along the coast. The plumage is almost white. 17. Buteo vulgaris, Lcaili, the Common Buzzard (Arabic 'ak^lb), may be the Lllcdc. 18. B. ferox, Gmel., the Lonq-lcgged Buzzard (.Airab. shtildn), is the largest of the hawk tril>e, equalling in size some of tlie smaller eagles.
The above list amply justifies the expression 'after his kind' (I-'V H"^, Dt 14'»). It also justifies the expression in .Job ,30'^, where it is asked, ' Doth the hawk lly by thy wisdom, and stretch her wings toward the .south?' if by this, as is generally thought, an allusion is intended to the migratory lialiits of .some of the species. Some think, how- ever, that the allusion is simply to the power of lliglit of all the hawks. No allusion to hunting wilh falcons is found in the Scrij)turcs. All the birds of this tribe were unclean to the Hebrews.
G. E. Post.
HAY. — The word occurs three times in AV (Pr 27^ KV 'hay,' m. 'grass,' Is 15» KV 'grass,' 1 Co 3'-'). In both the l)T pa.ssages the Heb. is tsi hnztr, which is rendered by the LXX in the first passage x^wpd', and in the second x^pr"^- In 1 Co the orig. is ^ipToj. There does not seem to be any good reason for the tr° hay in any of the above passages. The meaning is equally clear if the word lie rendered grass (see GuAS.s). c^jn /uUha.sh has been thought by some to refer to hay. It corresponds to the Arabic hdshish, which signifies trecds, or green fodder. In Is 33" it is renderrd A V, KV 'chati,' and in Is 5-« AV 'chatl',' but KV ' dry grass.' It is customary in Bible lands to cut or pull grass and other fodder plants, and give them to live stock. Women, with large back loads or donkey loads of such fodder, may be seen any morning at the gates, or in the market pl.aces of the citie.'?, wlierc they oti'er it for .sale. Large areas are sown in barley, vetch, clover, iiiedick, and other forage plants, to be cut and given to domestic animals in the spring and early summer. It is clear that it was also the custom in Bible days to cut grass for this purpose (Ps ZT' 72" 129i'- ', Am 7'). But it is not cus- tomary to dry such cut-grass as we do in making hay, to be stored up as winter fodder, and there is no evidence that the Hebrews ha<l such a custom. In fact it would be out of place, as the >vinter is the season of green grass here, and the Hocks continue to crop the stubble to the end of the harvest season in midsummer, and after that find a scanty but suflicient pastura™ until the early rains cause the ' tender gi-.%ss to sprout up with marvellous rajiidity. Stall-fed animals have cut-straw mixed with their barley, and this seems to contain a con- siderable amount of nourishment, and to answer the purjiose of hay. Stall-fed milch cows are fed mainly on this fodder, and conunue fat, and give milk on it. It would therefore be better to render hi'ishash by cut-grass rather than by drr/ grass or hay. G. E. Post.