Literature. — Percy Gardner, The Origin of the Lord's Supper, 1893 ; F. Schultzen, Das Abendmahi im NT, 189S ; J. C. Lambert, The Sacraments in the NT, 1903; R. M. Adam- son, The Chrjfitian Doctrine of the Lord's Supper, 1905. Cf. the articles 'Supper,' 'Eucharist,' 'Lord's Supper,' * Meals* in the various Bible Dictionaries and Religious Encyclopedias, notably Hastings', Piercy's, Chejne-Black's, Herzog's, the Stan- dard, and the Temple. See, further, Literature under art.
EucuARisT. George L. Robinson.
SURNAME. — It seems probable, as indicated in the art. Na.me, that originally a name was the designation of a stock or tribe — like the Grants or Howards — applied by outsiders to a group and subsequently adopted by it. When the stock in- creased, personal names seem to have been intro-
duced to distinguish the diti'erent members. When the number of persons still further increased and intercour.HC became easier and more common, certain designations derived from .some peculiarity were used to distinguish or designate dillerent individuals. All varieties of these may be classed under the general designation 'surnames.'
An indication of something similar to this in the naming of deities is to be found in the Roman religion.' Royal personages use only their bap- tismal name, or the first of these when there are more than one. In Europe surnames became common in the Middle Ages, first of all among the land-owning nobles.* Surnames are of rare occur- rence in the OT. In the NT when a person is referred to by only one name, especially if that be a common one, identitication is difficult if not im- possible. Thus of John mentioned in Ac 4" we know nothing. At least five persons are called Alexander ; and of these the Alexanders referred to in Ac i' 19^, 1 Ti 1^ are names and nothing more.
1. Surnames are to be distinguished from —
(a) New names. — Apion, an Egyptian of the 2nd cent. A.D., on entering the Egyptian army, changed his name to Antonis Maximus.* Similar changes are recorded of Abrani, Jo.seph, Jacob, Solomon, Daniel, Pashhur, Xophet, and even of Jahweh Himself.*
(b) Explanatory descriptions to designate any- one more clearly, derived from
(1) Trade. — In Nazareth Joseph was known as 6 riKTav,^ and Jesus by the same appellation.' Alexander, as 4 x'^^^^'^'i' occupied a similar posi- tion in the town in which he lived, while Simon's designation, ^vpaev^," indicates that he was one of many who followed the occupation of a tanner.
(2) Business. — Manaen is designated as 'HpdiSou (rvvrporjioi,^ Matthew as 6 Te\ti>vq%,^'' Chuza as inL- TpOTTOS Uptjdou.^^
(3) A physical peculiarity. — A certain Simon is ditt'erentiated as 6 XfTrp6s," another as 6 Ka^ov/xeuos Nlyep," while a third the Church has named 6 ^d7os,''' though that surname is not given him either in the Acts or in Justin Martyr.
(4) Some outstanding feature in a man's life, as John 6 /SaTrnaTijs,'* 'I'liomas 6 Xeyitiei/os Aidu- /nos,'* Simon who was, but is not surnamed, <i>api- (7aios. ^^
(5) Names of places. — Cases in which there is annexed to the name a phrase, compounded of dwd with the name of a place, forming a designation given to a person from another town or district to distinguish him from those of the .same name in the town, much as we speak of ' Robertson of Brighton.' Examples of this are : Jesus 6 awo Nafap^S," Jo.seph d.jr6 'ApL/j-aBalas,^^ Philip dirA BriSaaLda,'" Lazarus airii Brjdai/ias,^' Nathanael dird
(6) Names of relatives. — Cases in which one with a common name has annexed the name of another person with whom he is closely connected, as'Idxu-
1 ERE vii. 413.
2 H. Hallam, View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages", London, 1841, pp. 112, 138 ; Thomas Carlyle, Frederick the Great, 10 vols., do., 1872-73, i. 67.
3G. A. Deissmann, Light from the Ancient East, Eng. tr., London, 1911, pp. 160, 170.
4 On 175- 15 41" 3228, 2 S 1225. Dn 1', Jer 732 203, Hos 216.
5 Mt 1355. 6 Mk 63.
7 2 Ti 414. 8 Ac 9« 106- 32.
9 Ac 131 ; for meaning see G. A. Deissmann, Bible Studies, Eng. tr., Edinburgh, 1901, p. 310, and Ramsay's criticism in Exp, 7th ser., vii. [1909] 364.
10 Mt 103. 11 Lk 83 ; Exp, 6th ser., ix. [1899J 118.
12 Mt 268, Mk 143. 13 Ac 131.
» Ac 8» ; Justin, Apol. i. 26, 66, ii. 15, Dial. 120.
15Mt31. 16 Jn 1116 2024 212.
I'Lk 7-XI-43.44. 18Mti2111.
I" .Mt 275', Mk 1643, Lk 2351, jn 1938. May Arimathaja have been the name not of a town but of an estate or even a farm ?
20 Jn 1J5 1221. 21 Jn 111. 22 Jn 212.
SURNAME
SUKX.UIE
537
^os 0 Tou *AX0atoi',' *Id\'w/3os 6 tou Zej9e5afoi',^ 'loi'Say 'laMijSoii,' Mapia i) ToO KXwTra.'' This, however, iiiay. ill some cases, be a mere exiilaimtoiy note, more akin to those in which a rehition>hii> is actually stated, as James the brother of John," Marie 6 auetpibi }^apfa.lia,^ Mary the mother of James and Joses,' Mary the sister of Lazarus,* Mary the mother of Mark," Mary the mother of Jesus.'"
((•) Aames compounded with 13. — Closely akin to the foiej;oing is a group of names whose first component is tlie Aramaic word 15, meaning 'son.' These are divisil)le into tliree classes :