i HDBW. 741.
2 Quoted by David Smith in Religwn and the Modern Mind, London, 1008, p. 171.
3 H. M. Gwatkin, The Knowledge of God', Edinburgh, 1903, ii. 55.
•« Mt 223, Mk 429 ; of. Jn 145. 46 ; HJ \x. S92 ; Burltitt, p. 17.
6 ExpT xxii. [1910-11] 4, xx. (1908-09) 531. This was the view of Joseph Priestley ; see H. McLachlan. The NT in the Light of Modern Knowledge, London, 1914, p. 229.
6 Transactions of the Third International Congress for the Bistnry of Religions, Oxford, 190S, i. 304.
" Rudolph von Ihering, The Evolution of the Aryan, London, 1897, p. 241.
8 EBi ii. 1631.
9 ExpT XX. 631, xxii. 4 ; Transactions, p. 303. i» Mt 1354- ", Mk 61.
Nafa/j^5.' But this connexion of Jesus and Naza- reth must not be held as settled, for aiujther group of scholars take quite a dillerent view and carry on the discussion along another line. (See W. M. Ramsay, Was Christ born at Bethlehem ?, London, 189.S.)
One set are doubtful if any sucli place as Nazareth existed. They Jioint out that no town bearing that name is mentioned in the OT or Josephus, and that, althougii the Talmud mentions sixty-three towns in Galilee, it mentions none bearing that name till as late as A.D. 900." If there be left 'out of. consideration the narrative of the address at the opening of the Ministry in the Synagogue at " Nazara," a narrative peculiar to S. Luke, and apparently composed by him out of Mk 6'"° together with some very probably genuine sayings of our Lord which he took from another source, there is nothing whatever in the New Testament to individualize Nazareth at all bej'ond the mere letters of its name. . . . The fact is, that the identification of the Gospel 'Sa^apir or Nafapd with a place sjielt msj ... is a piece of early Christian archaeology, rather than of primi- tive tradition.'^ P.urkitt further jioints out in regard to the woe pronounced on C'hunizin, liothsaida. Tyre and Sidon, and Capharnahum, that, while Bethsaida and Capharnahum were the centres of our Lord's ministry, no mention is made of any work in Khorazin, while in Nazara Jesus had actually been rejected ; and ' with some misgivings ' he ventures 'to suggest^ that the name "Nazareth" . . . may have arisen from a literary error,' and that ' we ought to consider the possibility that the city of Joseph and Mary, the irarpis of Jesus, was Chora zin. '
W. B. Smith, founding on the fact that the Tell el-Amarna tablets and the Annals of Tiglath- Pileserlll. mention a town, Hinatuni, which means 'defence,' 'protection,' argues that to this ancient town a new name Nazareth, also meaning ' defence,' was given ; and, as Nazareth did not, as we shall see, yield the requisite adjective, it was written Nazara.' Cheyne (who identifies Hinatuni with Hannathon) denies that either name means ' defence,' and Conder identifies Hannathon with Kefr 'Anfin in Upper Galilee.^ But from a place NafapfS or Naj'apd the adjectival surnames of Jesus — Nafapijcis and Nafwpaios' — canimt be derived. Burkitt says,* ' it is not easy to understand the form Naj'wpafos in any case, but the difficulty is greater if we have to make it an adjective denot- ing an inhabitant of Nazara or Nazareth.' The name of the place in the Syriac Texts is written ms3, vocalized Ndsrath in the Peshitta, the adjec- tives ^a'(ap-qv6s and Nafiipaios being rendered by K'lsj. Here it is to be noted that j' stands for s, but in hardly anyother instance is this the case ; the equivalent of f is not s but t.^ If, then, the town was mil, the Greek should be ^aaeph- or N'airopd.
(2) This fact has given rise to two theories.
(i.) The theory which connects the word with V!j(fromn!3, ' to separate,' ' consecrate,' ' purif}''), meaning ' the consecrated one.' The Nazirites
1 Mt 21" (nf. Jn I"- 46), Ac lO-w : D omita o, NBCDEHK read
Nd^apf'e, FtJl.M NofapeT, A Ka(apie.
2 //./ ix. SB7 ; EBi iii. 3360 ; E.rpT xxii. 4.
3 Hurkitt, p. 17.
4 I'p. 17-18 ; HJ ix. 892 ; Lk 1013-15, Mt 1120-24.
0 n.> ix. 641, 865. 6 Ih, p. 892 ; IIDB il. 299.
' NafapTiKis in Mk 124 1047 (NAC read Nafcop<j<ov) U" 109 (LAk read Nofojparo.'l, Lk 434 is:iT (wiih D) 241» (ADIP read Nafiupai'ov). Jn 18= (with D) ; Nafiuporot in .Mt 223 26"', Lk IS^ (D reads No^apTji-di), Jn IS" (D reads fla^ap-^vof) 18' 19">, Ac 222 36 410 614 ■>-.;9 2e» ; cf. 9^ (with ACE) 24=.
8 Burkitt, pp. 18, 21, 24.
9 Nestle says 'all examples for the transition of s into f=l ... are not" to the mark' (,KxpT xix. (1907-08) 524); E. A Al)bott (The Fourfold Gospel: the Beginning, Cambridge, 1914, p. 324) dilftrs.
540
SUKNAME
SURNAME
were a Jewish sect.' John tlie Baptist was a Nazirite ; Jesus was not a full Nazirite.'- Burkitt throws out the su^^gestion' 'that " Nazoni-an " was a nickname, meaning possihiy "this odd sort of Nazarite" — one who calls for repentance, and yet eats and drinks like other folk. . . . The true origin of nicknames is easily lost, and it may have been supposed that the name referred to some place in Galilee.' Abbott, while unable to support Burkitt's idea that i is made to represent the Semitic s, heartily agrees with his dictum that 'the ordinary view of Nazareth' is 'wholly unproved and unsatisfactoiy.'* He favours another solu- tion—