Tiberias.* „ , ,^ ,, . r. ^ % -
Mention is made in Ac S" of loiiSos o TaXiXaios, Judas the Galilajan, a surname derived from the fact that he was a native of that province, thouo-h Josephus in one passage rather indicates that°he came from Ganiala, which lies east ot
In Ac 13" among the teachers and prophets of Antioch mention is made of Aoukios 6 Ki-pi-aios. He may or may not have been the same person as is mentioned in Ro 162', ^ut at any rate he was a fellow-countryman of Sifiw KupTji-aios. .
The purple-seller whom St. Paul met at fhilippi was named Ai^Sia." That may have been the woman's proper name, but was most probably, as Ramsay hints, a designation from the district ot Lydia, of which Thyatira was an important town. If this be so, it accounts for the fact that in his Epistle to the Philippians St. Paul does not men- tion her, though it is possible that she was Euodia or Syntyche.'* , ,. .
(2) Those derived from other sources.— \ BXiona explanations have been given of a surname Boan- erges given by our Lord to James and John, and applied to them but once."> None of these is very satisfactory, but by far the most likely is that the two were not merely brothers but twins, and that, since the superstitions attached to twins and the worship of the Dioscuri were well known, something in character, conduct, or appearance caused Jesus to give them the surname 'Sons of the bky. The strange ideas associated with twins remind us of another disciple whose name we do not know, thoucrh we know his surname. In three passages in the Fourth Gospel" reference is made to an apostle euiMSs * Xey6p.epo, AiSu/xos. Thomas is not, as it has become, a personal name ; it is simply the Aramaic word for twin. Diup is transliterated into Greek as Qw/ids, and AiSu/xos is a Greek translation of the word. In the Acta Thomw he is called Judas Thomas, and very early '« a legend arose that he was the twin brother of Jesus.
2 fcMrer,'^ii> .. (Edinburgh, 1890] ii. 80, 177, 229; HDB i. 348 ; Jos. BJ IV. iii. 9, 13, 14, iv. 6, v. 1, vi., vu. ; ExpT .\xvi.
^^flSxp, 7th s'er., viii. [1909] 68, 307 ; ffPJim-,^'!,^-. .
4 Mt 2756. 61 281. 5 Mk 1.540- 47 161-9.
6 Jn W25 201- 18. 7 Lk 82.
8Lk 2410; there is a difference in the MSS, some reading MapiV others Mopiaji ; some also read yldySaXivri. 9 But see ifDB iii. 202. ., .. „ „ „„
10 Jos. Ant. xvui. i. 1-e, XX. v. 2, BJ n. vm. 1, xvu. 8, 9, vn.
"^"I'jds. Ant. xvm. i. 1 ; Schfirer, HJ'P i. ii. 4, 80.
12 Mt 2732. Mk 1621, Lk 2326; some MSS have in the latter case Kvp.Jaiov; E. C. Trench, Studies in the Gospels^.
Pi3"*c 1614. 40 14 HDB iii. 176 f. 15 Mk 317.
.6 fe,,, 7th ser., iii. [1907] 146; ExpT xxv. [1913-14] 100 f.. xxvi. 45f.,236f.
18 In the Sinai'tic Syriac Gospels, discovered by Mrs. Lewis, Jndas, the brother of our Lord, ''"IThjmas aryd^tified m Jn 1422 . HUB iv. 763 ; Exp, 7th ser., in. 381 ; Expl xiv. [190_-U3J 397ff.,xvii. [1905-06)338.
SURNAME
SURNAJVLE
539
In Mt 10' a disciple is named 6a55aro! according to XI!, Imt C-'K.1'"(;UKLM liave AffifJoios 6 ^iriKXTjffis Qaddaioi. Mk S'" lias GaSoaioi', D readinj; AE/S/Jaroi'. Lk 6"", Ac 1'^ liave'IoiJSai' 'lantifiov. There seems, from a collocation of these )iassages, to be only one person meant, but, the meaning of the two names being at present quite doubtful, the reason of the tri|)le name is impossible to determine. He may be the 'Judas not Iscariot' of .In 14'--.'
3. The surnames of our Lord. — These are of special interest and of special dilliculty. (n) Those (Icrired from some word like i\'azar. — (1) One theory connects this word with the place-name variously spelt Naj'apd, Nafapdr, 'Sa^apaB, tiaiap^r, Naj-ap^S. Mt 4'* and Lk 4"^, where Nafapd has the sujjport of Nli, are not in Mk., and therefore are most probably taken from Q. If that be so, Nos'apd was most probably the spelling of Q. The note of universality in our Lord's teaching and His freedom from the restrictions of Jewish legal- ism have naturally raised questions as to His nationality and descent. Renan, in pointing out that the UaliUvans were a mixed race, declares it impossible ' to ascertain what blood flowed in his veins,'^ while Gwatkin cautiously says, 'TheGospel sprang up on Jewish soil, its Founder was a Jew, though onlj' a Jew of Galilee.'' It has been sug- gested that Nazareth, or, better, some name which underlies that corrupt form, is an old synonym of Gdlil, i.e. Galilee, but that supposition is contra- dicted by the fact that it is clearly stated that Nazaretli was a town in Galilee, situated on a hill.'' The ellbrt to find a more probable solution has led to a discussion of the connexion of Jesus with Nazareth, along two lines. One set of scholars, anxious to prove Jesus an Aryan, insist that He was born in Nazareth." That He wafe not a Jew was argued by Emile Burnouf.* Ihering says, ' From the very commencement there is a touch of the Aryan in him. Some have tried to account for this link between him and the Aryans by accept- ing his descent from an Aryan father.'' Cheyne quotes with approval the words of Percy Gardner, 'According to all historical probaV>ility, Jesus of Nazareth was born at Nazareth.'* Very strong support has been given to this in various papers by Paul Haupt.' Evidence in its favour is found in the fact that on one occasion, we are told, Jesus went and preached els ttiv irarplSa avrod.^" This is rendered in AV and R'V, English and American, 'into his own country' ; in the 20th Century IS'T {-London, 1904), ' his own part of the country ' ; in R. F. Weymouth's translation (The NT in Modern Speech, London, 1903), ' His own country,' with this added note, 'literally, "fatherland" ; whUe J. Mofi'att in his Historical NT (^Edinburgh, 1901) translates accurately ' his own native place,' and in his translation of the NT ' his native place.' The words of Mk. are very significant, as in the Second Gospel no account is given of our Lord's birth, and no mention is made of Bethlehem ; and this significance is intensified if the passage was taken by the writer of the First Gospel from Mark. If Jesus was born in Nazareth, His surname with d7r6 gains significance and force, as 'l-qaous o dirb