pedition against Asia Minor, in which he subdued the greater part of it, and even crossed the Hellespont into Europe. By this means he became (B.C. 192) involved in a war With the Romans (Liv. xxxv, 13 ; Justin, xxxi, 1), in which, after many reverses, he was finally compelled, by an unfortunate battle at Magnesia, in Lycia (B.C. 190), to conclude a disgrace- furtreaty, B.C. 189 (Appian, Syr. 33-39; Polyb. xxi, 14 ; Liv. xxxvii, 40, 43, 45, 55 ; Justin, xxi, 8 ; comp. Dan. xi, 18 ; 1 Mace, viii, 6 sq.). See Eumenes. He lost his life soon afterward (B.C. 187, in the 36th year of his reign, according to Euseb. Chron. ii, 35, 235, hut after 34 full years, according to Porphyr. Excerpt, i, 347) in a popular insurrection excited by his attempt to plunder the temple at Elymais, in order to obtain means for paying the tribute imposed upon him by the Romans (Strabo, xvi, 744 ; Justin, xxxii, 2; Diod. Sic. Exc. ii, 573; Porphyr. in Euseb. Chron. Arm. i, 348 ; comp. Dan. xi, 19). Daring the war of Antiochus with Egypt, the Jews and inhabitants of Coole-Syria suffered severely, and the suspense in which they were for a long time kept as to their ulti- mate civil relations operated injuriously for their in- terests (Joseph. Ant. xii, 3, 3); but, as the Jews quick- ly adopted' the Syrian party after the battle at Paneas, he granted them not only full liberty and important concessions for their worship and religious institutions (Josephus, Ant. xii, 3, 3, 4), but he also planted Jew- ish colonies in Lydia and Phrygia, in order to secure the doubtful fidelity of his subjects there. Two sons of Antiochus occupied the throne after him, Seleucus Philopator, his immediate successor, and Antiochus IV, who gained the kingdom upon the assassination of his brother. (See, generally, Fluthe, Gesch. Mace- don, ii, 226 sq.) — Winer, s. v.
3. Antiochus (IV) Epiphanes CE?rt(pav>)e, illus- trious; comp. Michaelis on 1 Mace, i, 10, and Eckhel, Boctr. num. I, iii, 223; nicknamed l-'.pimanes. 'V.-t/.ia- r//r, madman, Athen. x, 438 sq. ; on coins Theos, Oeoc., god, see Frohlieh, Annul, tab. 6, 7), a Seleucid king of Syria, second son of Antiochus the Great (Appian, Syr. 45; 1 Mace, i, 11), ascended the throne on the death of his brother, Seleucus Philopator (on his enu- meration, the 11th of the Seleucid*, Dan. vii, 8, 24; see Lengerke, Daniel, p. 318 sq.), B.C. 175 (see Werns- dorf, De fide libr. Mace. p. 28 sq.), and attained an evil notoriety for his tyrannical treatment of the Jews (comp. Dan. vii, 8 sq.), who have described him (in the second Book of the Maccabees) as barbarous in the extreme (see Eichhorn, Apokr. p. 265). He had been
Tetradrachm (Attic Talent) of Antiochus the Great, the reverse bearing a figure of Apollo, with the inscription (in Greek) " Of King Antiochus."
terward, Antiochus (in connection with Philip III of Macedon, Liv. xxxi, 34) opened another campaign against Egypt, then ruled over by a child, Ptolemy (V) Epiphanes. He had already conquered the three above-named countries, when a war between him and Attains, king of Pergamus, diverted him to Asia Minor, and in his absence Ptolemy, aided by Scopas, obtain- ed possession of Jerusalem : but, as soon as he had se- cured peace there, he returned through Cade-Syria, defeated the Egyptian army at Paneas, and obtained the mastery of all Palestine, B.C. 198 (Polyb. xv, 20; Appian, Syr. 1 ; Liv. xxx, 19 ; Joseph. Ant. xii, 3, 3; comp. Dan. xi, 13-16). Ptolemy now formed an alli- ance with Antiochus, and married his daughter Cleo- patra (Polyb. xxviii, 17, 11), who received as a dowry (comp. Dan. xi, 13-16) Ccele-Syria, Phoenicia, and Palestine (Joseph. Ant. xii, 4, 1). Antiochus under- took in the following vear a naval as well as land ex-
us Epiphanes, with the Figure of Jupiter.
given as a hostage to the Romans (B.C. 188) after his father's defeat at Magnesia. In B.C. 175 he was re- leased by the intervention of his brother Seleucus, who substituted his own son Demetrius in his place. An- tiochus was at Athens when Seleucus was assassinated by Ileliodorus. He took advantage of his position, and, by the assistance of Eumenes and Attains, easily expelled Ileliodorus, who had usurped the crown, and himself "obtained the kingdom by flatteries" (Dan. xi, 21; comp. Liv. xii, 20), to the exclusion of his nephew Demetrius (Dan. vii, 8). The accession of Antiochus was immediately followed by desperate ef- forts of the Hellenizing party at Jerusalem to assert their supremacy. Jason (Jesus; Joseph. Ant. xii, 5. 1 ; see Jason)", the brother of Onias III, the high-
ANTIOCHUS
272
ANTIOCHUS