Antitype, that which answers to a type or figure. The corresponding Greek word, (ivt'itv-koc, occurs twice in the New Testament (Heb. ix, 24 ; 1 Peter iii, 21), where it is rendered "figure" (q. v.). A type, in its primary and literal meaning, simply denotes a rough draught, or less accurate model, from which a more perfect image is made ; but in the sacred and theological sense of the term, a type may be defined to be a symbol of something future and distant, or an ex- ample prepared and evidently designed by God to pre- figure that future thing. What is thus prefigured is called the antitype. See Type.
Antoine, Nicole, an apostate from Christianity to Judaism, was born at St. Brieu in 1600, and joined early the Reformed Church. A few years later he ap-
plied for admission among the Jews, but in vain. Hav- ing returned to Geneva, he became a teacher, and af- terward Reformed pastor, at Divonne, where he preach- ed only on texts from the Old Testament, rarely men- tioning the name of Jesus, and professing strange opin- ions about him. He fell for some time into insanity, and, having recovered, acknowledged again his faith in Judaism. He was accused at Geneva of blasphe- my, and burned in 1G32. — Pierer, Univ. -Lex! Icon, s. v.
Alltonia (a frequent Roman name, fern, of Anto- nius), the name of two females mentioned by Josephus.
1. The mother of Germanicus and Claudius (after- ward emperor) ; she loaned Herod Agrippa money to retrieve his credit with Tiberius (Josephus, Ant. xviii, G, 4). She was a woman of eminent virtue (ib. 6). She was born about B.C. S6, and lived to see the ac- cession of her grandson Caligula (see Smith's Diet, of Class. A nt. s. v.).
(Join with the Bust of Antonia.
2. A daughter of the Emperor Claudius by Petina (Josephus, War, ii, 12, 7). Nero had her put to death on a charge of treason, after her refusal to marry him (Suet. Claud. 27 ; Ner. 35 ; Tacit. Ann. xii, 2 ; xiii, 23 ; xv, 53 ; Dio Cass, ix, 5).
Antonia CAvrutvia, from Antony), a fortress in Jerusalem, on the north side of the area of the Tem- ple, often mentioned by Josephus in his account of the later wars of the Jews. It was originally built by the Maccabees, under the name of Boris, and was after- ward rebuilt with great strength and splendor by the first Herod (Josephus, A nt. xv, 11). In a more par- ticular description Josephus states (War, v, 5, 8) that the fortress stood upon a rock or hill fifty cubits high, at the north-west corner of the temple area, above which its wall rose to the height of forty cubits. With- in it had the extent and appearance of a palace, be- ing divided into apartments of every kind, with gal- leries and baths, and broad halls or barracks for sol- diers ; so that, as having every thing necessary with- in itself, it seemed a city, while in magnificence it re- sembled a palace. At each of the four corners was a tower. Three of these were fifty cubits high ; but the fourth, at the south-east corner, was seventy cubits high, and overlooked the whole temple, with its courts. The fortress communicated with the northern and west- ern porticoes of the temple area, and had flights of stairs descending into both, by which the garrison could at any time enter the courts of the Temple and prevent tumults. On the north it was separated from the hill Bezetha by a deep trench, lest it should be ap- proachable from that quarter, and the depth of the trench added much to the apparent elevation of the towers (JPar,v, 4, 2).
This fortress is called // 7rnpf/</5oX/; in the New Testament (Acts xxi, 34, 37), and is the "castle" into which Paul was carried from the Temple by the sol- diers, from the stairs of which he addressed the people collected in the adjacent court (Acts xxi, 31-40). Dr. Robinson (Researches, i, 422) conceives that the deep and otherwise inexplicable excavation called "the pool of Bethesda" was part of the trench below the north wall of this fortress; in which case, as he remarks, its extent must have been much more considerable than has usually been supposed. — Kitto. See Jerusalem.
Antonians, 1. A sect of Antinomians in Switzer- land, followers of Anton Unternahrer, born a Roman Catholic at Entlehueh, 1761, whose mind seems to have been unsettled. In 17119 he began to hold meetings, and soon after announced himself as the Son of Man.
ANTONIEWICZ
2S2
ANTONINUS
This he tried to demonstrate in the most singular man- ner from a number of scriptural passages, from his name, and from circumstances of his body and life. On Good Friday, 1802, he appeared, with a number of adherents, before the minster of Berne, proclaiming an impending crisis. He also summoned the govern- ment of the canton to appear before him. This led to bis arrest and to an investigation, in consequence of •which he was sentenced to two years imprisonment. As soon as dismissed from the prison, he again held assemblies in the neighborhood of Thun, was again ar- rested, and sentenced (April 4. 1805) to life-long ban- ishment from the canton. He then went to Sehlilpf- heim in the canton of Lucerne, where he was visited by many of his adherents. The government was first inclined to treat him as a monomaniac, but subse- quently arrested him, and kept him in prison until his death in 1824. UnternShrer published fifteen small volumes, several of which were printed secretly. All are written in the tone and language of the Bible. He combined the passages of the Bible without any regard to sense and connection, and justified this arbitrariness by saying that the Scriptures were only " fragments," and that he, as the Man of God, had the mission to put these fragments together in the proper way. Of God he speaks as a personal being, having all the attributes given to him in the Scriptures. Still, his conception is unconsciously pantheistic, inasmuch as he regards him merely as a natural being, without the idea of concrete holiness. He also accepted the doctrine of the Trinity, but thought himself to be the God who became man the second time. Every thing created by God, inclusive of man, with all his natural instincts, was regarded by him as good ; the making of any dis- tinction, as between good and evil, he declared to be the work of the devil. According to him, the man who recognises all such distinctions as opposed to the will of God, is redeemed. The redemption of mankind was begun by Christ, and completed by himself ^Un- terniihrer). All institutions of church and state, mar- riage, property, religious service, sacraments, he de- nounced and cursed as distinctions taught by the devil. The only religious service he taught consisted in the cultivation of love — in particular, sexual love, without any restraint or distinction whatever. He found ad- herents in several places, and many continued to be- lieve in him even after his death, expecting that his spirit would appear again in another form. In Am- soldingen, his former place of residence, the sect was suppressed in 1805. In Wohlen, near Berne, and sev- eral adjoining communities, a certain Bendicht Scliori became the centre of the sect. They were summoned before the courts in 1830, but dismissed with a moder- ate fine, and still exist. Another branch of the sect existed in the community of Gsteig, near Interlachen, under the leadership of Christ. Michel. The courts several times proceeded against this branch (1821, 18S0, and 1840), and in 1841 Michel and others were sentenced to live years' imprisonment. Traces and branches of this sect, it is said, may also still be found in the cantons of Lucerne, Aargau, and Zurich. (See Zyrb, ( 'l/r. Michel und -vine Anhiinger, in Trechsel's Beitrogt inr Geschickte </. Schweiz. refr. Kirche). — Herzog, i, U0.