Gardinal*8 Hat
cil of Lyons in 1245 : the privilege was granted by Pope Innocent IV. Ito color is designed to show that the cardinals are bound to shed their blood in the cause of the Church, if need be. A number of symbolical ceremonies accompany the investiture. The hat is given by the pope's own hands ; and many cardinals who do not visit Rome die without ever having re- ceived it The only exception is in &vor of members of royal houses, to whom the hat is sent. As the car- dinals, when dressed in the sacred vestments, could not wear the red hat, and had therefore no other dis- tinction to mark the difference between them and prel- ates of an inferior rank except their place, Paul II permitted them to wear-tbe red bonnet (rvbrum capki- um), which previously had been the prerogative of the pontiff alone. They wete also permitted the red habit by the same pope.
6. The Style of the cardinals, until the time of Ur- ban VIII, was Most lUuttnovt; that pope, however, Jan. 10, 1630, granted to all the cardinals the title of Eminenoe. The cardinal-bishops are titled Emmemtis- timi. A carriage and livery servants are obligatory parts of thf establishment of a cardinaL
6. Form ofmaJdny CardHmaU. — ^The pope alone can elevate any one to the cardinalate, which he doee by declaring in the secret Consistory the names of those whom he proposes to make cardinals, saying Habemae FrcUree. He afterward, in a public Consistory, puts the red bonnet on the head of the newly-appointed cardinal, signs him with the cross, and creates him cardmal, with the form of words following : Ad lamdem Ommpotmtu Dei ei Sancta 8edu ApostoUctB omamenttam acdpe yalerwn rtibntm^ intiyne tingvlaria dignitatis oar- dincdaius, per quod desiynatur^ quod usque ad mortem et sanyuims ejfusianem indusive, pro exaltatione Sanela Jidei, pace et quieiate populi ckriiiam^ auymenio et statu SacrotancUB Romana Ecdesia te intrepidum eahibere deheas. Jn homne Patris f , et FHU f , et Spiritus 8(mc- ti f. Amen,
7. Duties f PtivUeyet, etc, of Cardinals,'— The legal status of cardinals, and their relations to the papal see, are fixed by the Ceremoniale Romanum, by the decrees of Trent (sess, xrfr, cap, 1, de Reform,^ by the bull of Sixtus V, Reliyiosa Sanct,, April 18, 1687, and by later papal constitutions. By the canon of Trent, as above cited, it is decreed ''that all and each of the partica- lars which have been elsewhere ordained, in the same synod, touching the life, age, learning, and other qual- ifications of those who are to be promoted to be bish- ops, the same are also to be required in the creation of cardinals of the holy Roman Church, even though they be deacons ; whom the most holy Roman pontiff shall, as far as can convenientiy be done, choose out of all the nations of Christendom, as he shall find per- sons competent Finally, the same holy synod, moved by the so many most grievous difficulties of the Church, cannot avoid calling to mind that nothing is more nec- essary for the Church of God than that the most bless- ed Roman pontiff apply especially here that solicitude which, by the duty of his office, he owes to the uni- versal Church, that he take unto himself, to wit as cardinals, men the most select only." No bastard, nor ecclesiastic who has not been a year in orders, can be chosen. Cardinals may be taken from any coun- try, but the pope has always chosen a large majority of Italians. In October, 1866, of 59 cardinals, 89 were Italians by birth, 8 Frenchmen, 4 Spaniards, 4 6«r- mans^ 1 Croatian, 1 Belgian, 1 Portuguese, and 1 Irish- man. The rank of cardinal is next to that of pope, and the pope is always chosen from their number. Since the time of Alexander III the right of electing the pope lies in the College of Cardinals. See Pope. The pope often employs cardinals as ambassadors, and the indi- vidual thus employed is styled Legato a Latere, A cardinal-legate acted, before the recent absorption of the Papal States by the kingdom of Italy, as governor of the northern provinces of the Papal States, which thence received the name of legations. The chief sec- retary of state, the Camerlenyo, or minister of finances, the vicar of Rome, and other leading officials, are al- ways chosen i^m among the cardinals. Their dignity is held to place them in the rank of European princes ; and, so long as the temporal power of the popes lasted, they held civil as well as ecclesiastical offices. For the ConyreyaOonSj i. e. papal commissions, which are under the direction of caitlinals, see Congregation, Papal.
8. Literaiure. — Ferraris, Promta BibUotheetif ii, 99; Kleiner, De Oriy. et Antiq, etc. CardinaUwn; Buddens, De Oriy, Card. Diynitatis (Jena, 1695, 4to); Bea, De Oriy. tt Antiq, Cardinalium (Heidelberg, 1767, 4 to); History of the Cardinals, to Pope Clement IX, from the Italian (Lond. 1670, Ibl.) ; Augusti, D(nkwiirdiy,p. 151; Thomassin, Vet, et Nov, ecdesia DiscipUna (voL i, c.
CAREAH
121
CARGILL
118); Skgel, Eandlmdk dor AUerMmer, i, 829; Cole- nun, Ckriniam AnUqwidu^ ch. iii, § 6 ; Herzog, Real' EntyUopSdie, U, 677. See Gonobboatiom ; Cubia;
POPK.
Care'&h (2 Kings xxr, 28). See Kabbah.
Carem (Kapifi), one of the additional group of derm citiee of Jadah (q. v.) interpolated bj the Sep- tngint at Joeh. xv, 59, and thought to be the present Tillage Am Karun^ about 1^ hour west of Jerusalem (Wilson, l/mdt of Bible, ii, 268 ; SchiTarz, Pale$t, p. 96, 108; Robinson, Later Bib, JUs, p. 867-9), but the position agrees better irith that of Bbth-haocbbbm (q.r.).