Cargill, Donald, one of the leaders of the Scotch Covenanters (q. v.), was bom In Perthshbre about 1610. He received his education at Aberdeen, entered the ministry of the Presbyterian Church, and was pas- tor of the Barony church at Glasgow. When the English Church was established in 1661, he refused to accept his charge flrom the archbishop, and also re- fused to leave Scotland when banished. After the battle of Bothwell Bridge, in which he ^k part, he fled to Holland, but returned to Scotland, and took part with the " Cameronians*' (q. v.), or strict Presby- terians. Pursued by the militiuy, be was surprised, with his friend, Henry Hall, at Qneensferry, June 8, 1680, but he escaped, while Hall was mortally wound- ed. On Hall*s person was found a **DecUration of
CARIA
122
CARLETON
Principles/* which caused a still hotter pamiit of Car- gill. Cargill, Cameron, and others now prepared what is known as the ** Sanquhar Declaration," because it was affixed to the market-cross at Sanquhar, June 22, 1680. Cargill was declared a trutor, and a price set on his head. In September ho publicly " excommu- nicated" the king and others at Torwood. Hunted from place to place, he preached his last sermon on Dunsyre Common, July 10, 1681, and was arrested the same night at Covington Mill. He was tried and con- demned, the casting vote being given by the duke of Arg3'le, who afterward bitterly repented this act. Cargill was executed at Edinburgh, July 27, 1681.— Hetherington, Bktory of the Church of Scotland, vol. U, ch. ii ; Biographia PrulHfteriana, ii (Edinburgh, 2d ed. 1836) ; HUtory of the Covenanters (Presbyterian Board, Phila.), voL ii, ch. iii ; Hook, Ecdes. Biogrc^hgy ii, 486.
Ca^ria (Kapta), the south-western district of Asia Minor (q. v.), washed on the S. by the Mediterranean and on the W. by the JSgean Sea, and indented by many bays and creeks. On the K. lay Lydia, east- ward were Phrygia and Lycia, here separated by mountainous landmarks, yet without any fixed bound- ary, which continually fluctuated on the N., where the river Masander formed not so much the political as the natural border (Strabo, xii, 677, 678 ; comp. xiii, 628). The S.W. angle of this region, having been setUed by Dorian colonies, was sometimes distinguish- ed flrom Caria by the name of Doris (Pliny, v, 29). Mountain rtoges stretched through its entire territory, jutting out into promontories at the sea ; yet consider- able plains intervened, which were well watered, and fhiitful in grain, oil, wine, etc. The inhabitants, com- posed of various mixed races (among which were some of Shemitic stock, Bertheau, Isr, Gesch, p. 193 sq.), were engaged, at least on the shorej in navigation and piracy (Herod, ii, 162; Thucyd, i, 4, ^ Strabo, xiv, 662). A Jewish colony is referred to m the Apocry- pha (1 Mace. XV, 22, 83) as being fiivorably addressed by the Romans in a decree which names the principal towns Hallcamassns (the birthplace of the historian Herodotus), Cnidus (mentioned in Acts xxvii, 7), to which may be added Miletus (comp. Acts xx, 16-^) ; and the same passage alludes to the fact that the Ca- rians were then (B.C. 139) endowed with the privilege of Roman citizenship (livy, xlix, 16), after having been for some time subject to Rhodes (comp. Ptolemy, V, 2; Mela, i, 16; Forbiger, Alte Geogr. ii, 204 sq". ; Heeren, Ideen^ I, i, 168 sq.). Somewhat later (B.C. 180) Caria became a province of the Roman empire (see Smith's Diet, of Class. Geogr. s. v.). Some anti- quarians (see Verbrugge, De num. plur. Hehr, p. 68) have discovered the Carians in the O. T. under the name Karim (D'^'^3, 2 Kings xi, 4, 19), mentioned in connection with the Ratdm (C^Sf^, 2 Sam. xx, 28) as the life-guards of the Jewish kings ; but these terms are rather to be taken as appellatives, executioners and couriers (Gesenius, Thesaxar. p. 671). See Chebs- THiTE and Pblethitb.
Carinthia and Camiola. The provhice of Co- rmthia (German, Kdmtken\ since 188is, has been an appanage of the dukes of Austria. In olden times it was included in Slavonia, and during the wars with Germany the first seeds of Christianity were sown. The princes of Carinthia had become Christians by the middle of the eighth century, yet the mass of the peo- ple did not embrace it before the latter part of the ninth century. In Camiola (German, Krcun), which is also a duchy of Austria, Christianity was earlier propaga- ted. Fortu^us, deacon of Hermagoras, first bishop of Aquileia, is said to have first introduced it in Lai- bach, and up to 1463 Laibach was an archdeaconry of Aquileia.
At the Reformation, Luther's doctrine spread rapid- ly through these two provinces, and Primus Truber (q. v.), who first promulgated them there, became canon
of Laibach in 1681 ; yet he had afterward to leave the country and retire to Wurtemberg, from whence be supplied his cotmtrymen with evangelical books and tracts, partly in Slavonic and partly in Latin. In 1666 almost the whole population of both provinces had adopted the Reformation, and Truber went back in 1661, taking with him the first printer there had been in the country, John Biandel (Manlius). In 1697, a letter of prince-bishop Thomas Chrdn to the pope shows that but one twentieth of the populaUon, and that among the lower classes, adhered to Roman- ism. Yet want of unity among the ministers, and a growing tendency to indulge in scholastic and dog- matic discussions, opened tiie doors again to Rome, and in 1679 some of the ministers were driven away. The Roman Catholic element steadily increased until, in 1698, all the Protestant ministers were commanded by the emperor Ferdinand II to leave within fourteen days. In 1601 the same command was issued for the laity, who were to recant or emigrate within six weeks. Most preferred the latter alternative, and went into Bohemia, Hungary, and Germany. This state of things continued until the promulgation of the cele- brated edict of toleration by Joseph II in 1781.