ful, and that the spirit was sufficient for the illumina- tion of the faithful. The ferment increased until Wit- temberg was in a storm, the University in danger of dissolution, and the timid Melancthon, although coun- tenancing all the reasonable steps of Carlstadt, was nevertheless in great foar that his rashness would be disastrous to the reform. This is the culminating point of Carlstadt's influence. When Luther returned from the Wartburg, and found how things were going at Wittemberg, his eloquence and strength soon re- stored order, and Carlstadt's violence was rebuked and set aside. Carlstadt's vanity and ambition were mor- tified, and his influence at Wittemberg was broken. In 1528 he abandoned his academical honors and de- gree, left Wittemberg, and, calling himself a "new logman,''^ went into ti^e country. He soon published a number of mystical works, asserting the entire pas- sivity of the human will in relation to predestined grace, and soon went almost to the verge of apostasy. He was especially fanatical in regard to the right to use "physical force,** and treated with contempt Lu- ther's consideration for the weakness of others. After his banishment from Wittemberg he obtained the pas- torate of a church at OrlamOnde, in Saxony, but after hb discussion with Luther the elector buiished him also from the state. Hence he went to Strasburg, and published several writings on the Eucharist, in which he opposed Luther's doctrine of the real (spiritual) presence, and coincided with Zwingle's views, which were also those of CEcolampadius, and are now held by most Protestants. On account of these tenets he was dismissed from Orlamunde in 1524, and from this date until 1534 he wandered through Germany, pursued by the persecuting opinions of both Lutherans and Papists, and at times reduced to great straits by indigence and unpopularity. But, although he always found sympa- thy and hospitality among the Anabaptists, yet he is evidentiy clear of the charge of complicity with MOnt- zer's rebellion. Yet he was forbidden to write, his life was sometimes in danger, and he exhibits the mel- ancholy spectacle of a' man great and right in many respects, but whose rashness, ambition, and insincere zeal, together with many fanatical opinions, had put him under the well-founded but immoderate censure of both friends and foes.
By these severe reverses the intemperate zealot was humbled. In 1580 Bucer sent him with warm commendations from Strasburg to Zurich, where, in 1532, he became a second time pastor of a church. In 1534 he was made professor of theology at Basel, and minister of St. Peter's, and, bating a dispute^th My- conius, he lived in comparative quiet and comfort. He died of the plague on Christmas, 1541. It cannot be denied that in many respects he was apparently in advance of Luther, but his error lay in his haste to sub- vert and abolish the external forms and pomps before the hearts of the people, and doubtiess his own, were prepared by an internal change. Biographies of him are numerous, and the Reformation no doubt owes him much of good for which he has not the credit, as it was overshadowed by the mischief he produced. See Fttssli, Andreas Bodenatem (Frankftirt, 1776) ; Jft- ger, And. Bodendein von Carlstadt (Stuttgardt, 1856, 8vo); Mosheim, Ch. Hist, iii, 24, 82, 140; Merle D'Au- bign6, Hist, of Se/ormatum, iii, 179 sq. ; Herzoft Beal- Encgklopddie, ii, 895 sq.; Ranks, History of the Befor- motion, pt. ii, p. 163 ; Domer, GeschichU d. Prot. Theo- logie, 1867, p. 121 sq.
Carma'nian (Vulg. Carmanianus, for the Gr. text is not extant), an inhabitant of Carmania (occurring in the Bible only in 2 Esdr. xv, 80, where the Carmar nians are predicted as the ravagers of Assyria), an ex- tensive province of Asia along the northern side of the Persian Gulf, extending fr^m Carpclla (the present Cape Bomareek, or else C. lask) on the E. to the river Bagradas (now Nabend) on the W., and comprehend- ing the modem coast-line of Kirman, including Loris-
CARME
124
CARMEL
tan and Moghostan. See Pbbsia. It was rugged, but ftoitful, and inhabited by a warlike race (see Smith's iHct. of Class, Gtogr, 8. v.). They are de- scribed by Strabo (xv, p. 727) as worshipping Ares alone of all the gods, to whom they sacrificed an ass. None of them married till he had cut off the head of an enemy and presented it to the king, who placed it on Ms palace, having first cut out the tongue, which was chopped up into small pieces and mixed with meal, and in this condition, after being tasted by the king, was given to the warrior who brought it and to his £[imily to eat. Nearchus says that most of the customs of the Carmanians, and their language, were Persian and Median. Arrian gives the same testimo- ny (/nd. 88), adding that they used the same order of battle as the Persians. See Asia.
Car'md (Xap^tij v. r. Xap/ii), given (1 Esdr. v, 25) as the fiimily head of 1017 Jews who returned from Babylon ; evidently meaning the Habim (q. v.) of the Heb. texts (Ezra u, 32 ; Neh. yii, 85).
Caramel (Heb. Karmd^y ^^7^) P^^> " ^^ ^^* ^ 18 ; xvi, 10 ; xxix, 17 ; xxxii, 15", 16 ; Jer. ii, 7 ; xlviii, 83 [also 2 Kings xix, 23 ; 2 Chron. xxvi, 10, in both which passages the A. V. incorrectly takes it for a proper name, ^^Carmel'*]; hience ffritSy as a garden fhiit, Lev. ii, 14 ; xxiii, 14; 2 Kings iv, 42), the name of a noted promontory (often with the art. [as in sev- eral of the above occurrences of the appellation], hah' Karmet, i'O'^^lly q. d. the orchard^ Amos i, 2 ; ix, 3; Jer. iv, 26 : Cant, vii, 6 ; ftilly " Mt. Carmel," har hah- Karmd'y i^'^SJl *in, q. d. garden^mfmiUy 1 Kings xviii, 19, 20 ; or without the art. Isa. xxxiii, 9 ; Nah. i, 4 ; Josh, xix, 26), and also of a town ; both doubt- less so called from their verdant fertility. The fol- lowing account is compiled mostly trom Kitto and Smith, s. V.