The great schism of the 14th century split also the order of the Carmelites, and completed their corrup- tion and disorganization. Several attempts at a ref- ormation were made, of which that of Thomas Con- "-""cte, who laid the foundation of the Congregation of
Mantua, was the most successful. Thomas himself (a celebrated penitentiary in France and in the Neth- erlands) was burned in Rome as a heretic, but his congregation soon extended widely, and received the privilege of electing a vicar general. Pope Eugenius IV mitigated the rule of Innocent IV in 1431, and en- deavored to unite all the Carmelites, except the Con- gregation of Mantua, on this mitigated rule as a new basis. For the same purpose, the general received fh>m Pius II, in 1459, the authority to proceed with regard to fast-days according to their own judgment. In 1462, general John Soreth tried to introduce a great- er strictness of the rule into the whole order. His plans were approved by Pope Paul II, but the author was poisoned by discontented monks in 1471. The same Soreth established, in 1452, the first convent of Car- melite nuns. In 1476 Sixtus IV estabHshed the Ter- tiarians of the order. They received a rule in 1635, which was reformed in 1678.
The Discalceate Carmelites received their nam« fh>m going barefooted, and took their rise in the 16th century. They professed the order as reformed bj Theresa of Avila, in Spain, who, desiring a stricter rule than that which the Carmelites (farther mitigated by Eugenius IV in 1431) afibrded, about 1562 estal>- lUhed a new house at Avila under her reformed rule ; and in 1577 the Discalceats were exempted from the jurisdiction of the Mitigated Carmelites. They were divided into two distinct bodies, those of Spain, who were composed of six provinces under one general, be- ing the strictest. The others ^ad seventeen provinces in France, Italy, Poland, (Germany, Persia, etc It u a rule with them that in every province there shall be a hermitage attached to some one monastery, in which hermitage shall be not more than twenty monks, who after three weeks return to the monastery, and are re- placed by twenty other monks. Their manner of life is very austere (Landon, Eccl. Dictionary, s. v.).
Barefooted Cai melite.
The Spanish congregation has become nearly extinct in consequence of the suppression of all the monastic orders in Spain. In 1843 no more than fourteen con- vents belonging to it were left in South America. Their procurator general lived in the general house of the Italian congregation in Rome. At the same date the Italian congregation counted 63 convents, with about 900 members, in Italy, France, Belgium, Holland, Austria, Bavaria, Ireland, Poland, and Turkey. The Miti^ted or Calceate Carmelites had convents in Ita- ly, Austria, Bavaria, Ireland, and Poland, with about 600 members. In 1860 the Carmelite monks altogeth- er numbered 125 houses in Italy ; 12 in Germany, Hol- land, and Belgium ; 12 in France, 8 iq Ireland, 22 in Eastern Europe (Poland, Gallicia, Russia, Hungary)^ 6 in Asia, 17 in Mexico and South America, and a few
CABMELTTESS
127
CARNIVAL
in Spain. The number of members was estimated at ' aboat 4000. Since then the number has been reduced by the suppression of a number of convents in Italy. I The Carmelite nuns of the reform of Theresa liad, in | 1^ about 90 houses in Italy, France, Belgium, Eng- j land, Ireland, BaTaria, Prussia, Austria, Poland, North \ America (at Baltimore), South America, and India : 60 | of these convents were in France. In 1860, Spain and Portugal had 15 houses; Italy, 19', France, 71; Ger- many, Holland, and Belgium, 28 ; Great Britain and Ireland, 16 ; Poland, 8 ; America, 7 ; Asia, 1 ; altogeth^ er, 160 houses, with about 3200 members.
A congregation of our Lady of Mount Carmel was founded in France in 1702. Its membere are not obliged to enter a convent, but can pass their novitiate in the world. They have many institutions in France, principally devoted to teaching and the nursing of the tick, and have once a year a great gathering at Av- ranches for the purpose of a common spiritual ntrecU, There is also a congregation of Carmelites in the arch- diocese of New Orleans, U. S., who teach four schools. —Manning, Life of St, Teresa (Lond. 1865), p. 161 sq. ; Jehr, GetchickU der Mdnchsorden, i, 856; ii, 841; P. KaH wm keiL Aloys, Jakrbuch der Kircke (Batisbon, 1862).
Car'melitess (1 Sam. xxvii, 8; 1 Chion. iii, 1). See Carmelitb.
Car'nli (Heb. Kcarmi'r '^P'^^* vine-dresser, other- wiie miUe; Sept. ILapiii, but Xop/Mi in Exod. vi, 14), the name of three men.
1. The last named of the four sons of Reuben (Gen. xlTii, 9 ; Exod. vi, 14). B.C. 1872. His descendants were called after him CARMrrES (Num. xxvi, 6).
2. A son of Herron (Judah's grandson), and father of Bar (1 Chron. iv, 2) ; elsewhere called Caleb (ii, 18) or Chelubai (ii, 9). B.C. post 1856.
3. The son of Zimri or Zabdi, and father of the trai- tor Acban (Josh, vii, 1; 1 Chron. ii, 7). B.C. ante 1618. Some have erroneously identified him with the preceding; but the names in 1 Chron. iv, 2, are evi- dently in direct succession of father and son fh)m Ju- dah.