CAROB
128
CARPENTER
liorum (HelmBt 1679, 4to) ; Zenner, Bacchanalia Chrig- Uanontm (Jena, 1C99, 4to); Landon, £ccl. Diet. s. v.
Carob. See Husk.
Carol« a hymn sung by the people at Christmas. **The Christmas carol may be traced to the primitive Church. TertuUian (cuk>ers, Gentil, 89) states that at their feasts it was customary for the Christians to pUce in the middle such as were able to sing, and call upon them to praise God in a hymn, either out of the Scriptures or of their own invention. Durand also informs us (^Rel. vi, 86, 9) that it was usual for the bishops on Christmas day to make sport, and even to sing with their clergy ; and this custom was an imita- tion of the Gloria in exceUis of the angels, as we learn f^om Jeremy Taylor — ** These blessed choristers had sung their Christmas carol, and taught the Church a hymn to put into her offices forever, on the anniversa- ry of this festivity." For the popular carols of Eng- land, see Brand, Popular AnUquitieSf i, 262 sq. ; Cham- bers, Book of Days^ ii, 747 sq. — Eadie, Ecclet. Diction- ary, 8. V. ; Sandys, Chrittmas Carols, Ancient and Mod- em (Lond. 1838, 8vo). See Mysteries.
Caroline Books (IMni CaroUni or Opus CaroH- num), four books written against decrees of the second Council of Nice on the adoration of images, contained in the Capitnlare Prolizum of Charlemagne. These books were drawn up under the direction of Charle- magne, but their preparation has been ascribed to An- gilram, bishop of Metz, Angilbert, and to Alcuin. Roger de Hoveden directly names the last, and the most probable opinion is that Alcuin was the' writer. At all events, they were written before the Synod of Frankfort in 794, and were pub- lished in the name of Charlemagne during the sitting of that council. In the preface the emperor declares that he had undertaken the work *'Ze2t7 Dei et veritatis studio, cum conhS)eniia reffni sui sacerdotum.^* The great principles of these books }h\\ are the following: " ■ Ti
Lib. ii, c. 21 : Solus igitnr DeuB colen- dtu, solufl Bdor&ndos, boIub gloriflcan- dufl eflt, de quo per ProplieUm dicitur : ^^Exaltatum est nomen ejus loliuB** I (Psa. cxlviii, 13) : Ci^ub etiam Sanctis, ] qui triumphato diabolo cum eo regnant, sive quia viriliter certaverunt, ut ad nos j iocolumts status eoclesle piervenlret, eive quia eandem eoclesiam assiduis suf- ft'iigiis et iDtercessionibus adjuvare nos- cuntur, veneratlo exhibenda est: Ima- ,. gines ▼ero,domni sal cultura et adora- tione seclusa, utrum in basilicis propter ' memoriatn rerum gestamm et omamen- tum sint, au etiam oon slnt, nullum fldei catholicn adferre potemnt prsju- dicium : quippe cum ad peragenda nos- tm salatls mysteria nullum penitus of- ficium habere noacantur. Lib. ill, e. 16 : Nam dum nos nihil in Imaginibus sper- namus prater adorationem, quippe qui in basilicis Sancto- rum imagines non ad adorandum, sed ad memoriam rerum gestarum et vennstatem parietum habere permittlmns: illi vero pene omnem sue credulitatis spem iu imaginibus collo- oent; restat, nt nos Sanctoe in eorum oorporibus vel potius reliqulis corporum, seu etiam vostimentis veneremnr, Juxta antiquofum patmm traditionem : illi vero parieteN et tabnlas adorantes in eo se arbitrentur magnum fidd habere emoln- mentum, eo quod opeiibus sint subjecti plctonim. Nam etsi a doctis quibusqne vltari poMit hoc, quod illi in adorandis imaginibus exeroent, qui videlicet non quid sint, sed quid innuant venerantiir. indoctis tamen qulbusque scandalum ge- nemnt, qui nihil aliud in his prater id quod vident vene- rantur et adorant
The Caroline books were first printed by Jean du Tillet, bishop of Meaux, under the assumed name of Eriphilus, or Elias Philyra (Paris, 1549, 8vo), at Co- logne in 1555 ; by Goldastus, 1608 ; and in his Consti- tution. Imperial, tom. i ; and, lastly, by Heumannus at Hanover (1731, 8vo), under the title Augusti ConcilU Nicasm Secundi Centura, — Palmer, Trtat, on the Church, pt iv, ch. X, § 4 ; Bergier, Diet, de Theohgie, s. v. Im-
age; Gieseler, Churck Hittorg, per. iii, § 12; Henog, Real-EncgUopadief vii, 429 ; Landon, EccUs, Diet, s. v. See Imaok-worship.
CaroloBtadt. See Carlbtadt.
Carpenter, the rendering in the Anth. Vers, of the Heb. V'^n, charash' (2 Sam. v, 11; 1 Chron. ziv, 1 ; Isa. xliv, 18, etc.), as also of its Greek equivalent rixrutv (Matt, xul, 55; Mark vi, 8; 1 Esdr. v, 14 ; Eo- clus. xxxviii, 27, etc.), a generid name, applicable to an artificer in stone, iron, or copper, as well as in wood. See Artificer. The Helirewe, at a very early period, appear to have made considerable prog- ress in these arts (Exod. xzxv, 80-d5). See Art. Of their works, however, we have no existing remains ; but by a reference to the antiquities of Egypt, the country where their proficiency was acquired, we msij obtain a satisfactory notion of their general character. See Handicraft. Tools of various kinds used in carpentry, as axes, hammers, saws, planes, chisels, and centre-bits, are represented on the ancient mon- uments, and to most of them we find allusions in Scripture (1 Sam. xiii, 19, 20 ; Judg. iv, 21 ; Isa. x, 15 ; xliv, 13). There appears but Uttle difference between these implements and those of our time. See Tcrker. The ancient Eg^'ptians were acquainted with the art of veneering : this proves that they knew the use of glue. They had chairs and couches of very graceful form (comp. Gen. xliii, 8^; 1 Sam. iv, 18). Among the works of the Egyptian artists are found tables, bu- reaus, wardrobes, and coffers ; several of the latter, probably designed for jewel-cases, rival in beauty the caskets of gold and silver. See Mechanic.