In Sngland the word is now used to denote, 1. Do- mestic chapels, built by noblemen for private worship in their families ; 2. College chapels, attached to col- leges ; 8. Chapels of ease, built for the use of parish- ioners who live at too great a distance frx>m the parish church ; 4. Parochial chapels, which differ from chap- els of ease on account of their having a permanent minister or incumbent, though they are in some de- gree dependent upon the mother church ; 5. Free chap- els, such as were founded by kings of England, and made exempt from episcopal Jurisdiction ; 6. Chapels which adjoin to any part of the church ; such were formerly built by persons of consideration as burial- places. In the great Roman cathedrals and churches of Europe side-chapels are commonly fitted up for prayer, with an altar and the other necessary appendages.
The Methodists and Dissenters in England cfdl their churches chapels, and this erroneous use of the word has crept somewhat into use in America.
Chapelle ardente, a peculiar ceremony in the Roman Church in connection with the masses for the dead. The ck peUe is a small tent in which the corpse is laid, and is odled ardente in allusion to the lights placed round the catafalque. Incense is burned, holy water is sprinkled, prayers are chanted, and absolu- tion is given, ending with reqtdetcat in pace. — ^Eadie, EccL Dictionary, s. v.
ChapharpeiSBh. See Mole.
Chapin, Calvin, D.D., an eminent Congregation- al minister, was bom in Springfield, Mass., about 1764. He graduated at Yale in 1788, and in 1791 became tu- tor in the same college, where he remained until March, 1794, when he was ordained pastor at Rocky Hill. He . was a trustee of the Conn. Miss. Soc., and one of the five organizers of the ** American Board of Commis^ sioners for Foreign Missions." He was a strong ad-* vocate of the principle of * * total abstinence." He waft made D.D. by Union College in 1816. He resigned his pastoral charge in 1847, and died March 16, 1851. He published several sermons on funeral and other occasions. — Sprague, AnnaU, ii, 828.
Chapin, Stephen, D.D., a Baptist minister, wan bom at Milford, Mass., Nov. 4, 1778. He graduated at Harvard in 1804, and in 1805 was ordained pastor of the Congregational church in Hillsborough, N. H., fh>m whence he removed, in Nov. 1809, to the Congre- gational church in Mount Vernon, N. H. Here he remained nine years, but, on Account of a change in his views oonceming baptism, he was discharged Nov. 18, 1818, and the same month he was received a mem- ber of the Baptist Church. In the fall of 1819 he was installed pastor of the Baptist church in North Tar- month, Me., where he was greatiy esteemed. In 1822 he was made D.D. by. Brown University. In 1828 he became profSsssor of Theology at Waterville College, Me., and remained there until his appointment as pres- ident of Columbia College, Washington, D. C, where he was inaugurated in March, 1829, and labored fe.* twelve years with unflagging zeal and energy. In consequence of growing hifirmities he resigned the presidency in 1841, and retired to a small farm near Washington, where he died Oct 1st, 1845. Dr. Chapin published a pamphlet on Baptism in 1819, and a num- ber of occasionid sermons, addresses, eto. — Sprague, Annalt, vi, 673.
CHAPITER
210
CHAPLIN
Chapiter (fivhf rofA, head, as H !■ nmiallj render- ed ; bat in the acoonnt of the Temple it if iranelated *'top," as 1 Kings yli, 16, etc.), or CAPrrA^ as it is called in modem architecture, is the upper or oma- i mental part of a column (Exod. xxri, 88 ; xxxyiii, 17, | 19, 28), in which passages those of the Tabemade are ' spoken of as being overlaid with gold. See Tabeb- j KACIJE. In 1 Kings, vii, 19, the chapiters on the tops of the pillars were formed of "Illy work." Soe Ja- OHiir. By comparing these descriptions with the re- mains of ancient temples In Egypt, we find that it was the practice to gild and paint the columns of Various colors. The io^ or lUy ornament was also a &vorite in Egyptian architecture. See Pillab. A more dis- tinctive term thus rendered is H^ac {Ue'phdk, literally something overkaSy, which occurs in 2 Ctiron. iii, 16, evidently in this sense. In all other passages the Heb. word thus rendered is the specific one H'^tn's (hoihe'rttk, literally a cor<me£), which in the case of the Sanctuary was of brass, and in some instances dec- orated with artificial pomegranates (Jer. lli, 22). See ABCHrrBCTVBB. " The prevalent idea of the Hebrew term is the roumdntii of the fbrms which charaoteiized the capitals of the Egyptian and Assyrian columns (FQrs^ Eebr, WM. p. 648). The hotkenUt consisted of two portions, the crown or ledge (in which sense it is applied to the laver [q. v.], 1 Kings vii, 81), and the ' pommel* or turban-shaped bowl beneath (Tl^S). Ac- cordhig to R. Levi ben-Gershom, this chapiter rather resembled a pair of crowns or caps, so joined as to form an oval figure of five cubits high, bulging out all around beyond the breadth of the column which it sur- mounted, not unlike, as we may suppose, the truncated lotus-bud capitals of the grand pillars of the Memnon- inm, Thebes (see Frith's Egypt and Paieitine Photo- graphed, vol. i, pi. 85). Lightfoot, who adopts 6er- shom's view (Ducriptio Tempiy xiii, 2, 8), reconciles the discrepancy between 1 Kings vii, 16, and 2 Kings xxv, 17, as to the height of the chapiters, by observing that the three cubits contained the sculpture or " wreathen- irork" mentioned in, the same verse, whereas the oth- er passage included two belte or necks of plain space of two more cubits below the ornamental portion. The chapiters were festooned with * nets of checker-work and wreaths of chain-work,* with sculptured * pome- granates,* forming an ornate group similar to that which still adorns the columns of the beautiful temple ruins of Wady Kardassy in KubU (Frith, U, pL 4). Lightfbot (ui tuprd) translates thus : ' The chapiters upon the top of the pillars possessed lily-work of four cubits over the porch,' and supposes that the lily-work surrounded the column under and not around the chap- iter ; the lily-leaf not enveloping the chapiter, which had its ornaments already, but curving laterally over the space of the porch, and occupying four cubits of the column below the chapiter. The more natural view, however, is that the lily-leaves or lotus orna- ments formed the capital itself. A vast amount of learned information, from ancient and modem sources, is accumulated on the subject in Plesken's Disaertaiio PhUdogica de Cobtmnis ^Eneit (Vitemb. 1719)*' (Kitto, s. v.). See Column.