iv), from which the present article is condensed. His Works have been published in Boston in 6 vols. 12mo (reprinted in England). Many of them have been translated into German (Berlin, 1850-55), also into French, with an Essay on his Life and Writings, by Laboulaye.— ^lfemotr« and Correspondence ofChanning (Bost. 1848, 8 vols. 12mo) ; Ware, American Unitarian Biography y ii, 139; Sprague, UniUur. Pulpit, 860 sq. ; British Quarierly, Nov. 1848, art i ; Literary and Theo- logical Review, i, 804 ; N. American Review, xli, 866 ; Democratic Review (Bancroft), xii, 624; Westminster Review (J. Martineau), 1, 817 ; Edinburgh Review, Ixiz, 214; Allibone, Diet, qf' Authors, i, 367.
Chaimuiise'tia (XavowaXoQ), given (1 Esdr. viii, 48) as a person, several of whose ** sons" (there named) were among the priests or Levites secured by Ezra to accompany his party to Jerusalem ; corresponding ap- parenUy to Merari of the Heb. text (Ezra viii, 19).
Chant (I3^B,parai', to chatter, spoken contemptu- onsly; Sept. iiriKparkoi) occurs only in Amos vi, 5, where the passage, ** That chant to the sound of the viol," may be rendered, "That sing to the sound of the harp." The Chaldee, Syriac, and Vulgate read, **who sing to the sound of the psaltery;*' and the margin of our version gives '*quaver." Josephus in- forms us that the instrument here termed nebel was of a triangular shape, and carried in the hand. In the paintings on the monuments at Thebes we find play- ers on the harp in the act of singing to the sound of their own music. (See the cut below.) Similar scenes are depicted on the Assyrian monuments. See Music. Both among the Jews and the Egyptians musical in- struments were chiefly played upon by women : the Psalmist, describing a musical procession, says, *'The singers went before, the players on instruments follow- ed after ; among them were the damsels playing with timbrels" (Psa. Ixviii, 25). See Harp.
CHANT {cantus, a song), the word employed in the early Church to designate the vocal music of the con- gregation. The term was applied, later, to special tunes adapted to prose; e. g. the Ambrosian, estab- lished by St. Ambrose, and the Gregorian, introduced by Pope Gregory the Great, who established schools of chanters, and corrected the Church music This, at first, was called the Roman song; afterwards the j^/am song, as the choir and people sing in unison. In mod- em liturgical worship, the word designates the musical
Ancient Egyptians (men and women) singing to the liarp, Lyre, and double i^pe.
Chanuca. See Dedication (Feast of).
Chaos, a term taken from the Greek mythology, according to which Chaos was the first exbtence and the origin of all subsequent forms of being (Hesiod, Theogon. 116 ; Ovid, Metnmorph, i, 6). The word it- self (in Gr. x^oc« immeasurable «pare) signifies the vart void, or the confused mass of elements from which it was supposed by the ancient philosophers that the world was formed.' It has been employed in later times to denote the unformed mass of primeval matter described by the sacred historian in Gen. i, 2, corresponding to the Heb. words WP\, to'hu, and sipa, ho'hu, a watU void, a desert, a waste soKtude, rendered in the SepL aoparoc i^ot aKaraaKtvaoroq, invisible and without or- der. These two words, combined for the sake of the paronomasia into the phrase ^inb^ AiVP\, in which the repetition of similar terms is a Hebrew method of des- ignating intensity or superlativeness, signify simply utter desolation.
The description which Ovid (1. c.) gives of Chaos itself, and of the formation of the world from the cha- otic mass, is very remarkable. The following is a lit- eral version :
Ere Bea, or land, or eky, that covers all. Existed, over all of nature's round One face there was, which men have Chaoa named — A rude, uufathomed mass^ with naught save weight; And here were heaped the Jarring elements Of ill-connected things. No sun as yet His rays afforded to the world ; the noon Filled not afresh her horns hy monthly growth ; Nor hung the globe in circumambient air. Poised by Its balanced weight ; nor had the raa Reached fortli its arms along the dii«iant Fhore. Where'er was earth, there also sea and air; No land to stand upon, no wave to swim, And rayless air. Nothing preserved its form : Each thing opposed the ret<t; since in one franie The cold with hot things fought, the moist with dry. The soft with hard, and light with heavy things. This strife the God and kindlif Nature quelled^ By cleaving sky from land, and land from sea. And parting liquid sky from thicker air. These thus evolved and from the blind mass drawn, Disjoined in space, were tied in friendly peace : The fiery force of heaven's weightless arch I.^ped forth, and chose Uie topmost point its seat; The air comes next in gravity and place; Tlie denser earth drags down the bulky parts. Crushed with its weight ; the water, flowing round. The outskirts held, and bound the orb entire.
'* This statement bears so many striking resemblances to the Mosaic account of the creation that oue can scarcely fail to re- gard it as having been derived by tradition from the same source. There is, however, this great diflference b^ tween the scriptural and the heathen cos- mogonies — that the former sets out with the emphatic declara- tion that the unfcomed