IV. Z4^a6<re.— Pierer, Utdversal-Lexihon, iv, 1-80 ; GQtzlaff (missionary in China), Hitlory of China (Can- ton, 1833 ; translated into German, and continued by Neumann, Stuttgardt, 1847) ; Ah^\ Residence m Chma (1880-83, 12mo) ; Thornton, irMtoi;yo/*C%ma (London, 1844) ; Geschichte der kcUhoUechen Missionen im KaUer- reicke China (Vienna, 1845) ; Davis, Description of China (London, 2 vols. 8vo); Wittmann (Rom. CTath.), Die HerrUchkeit der Kirche in ikren Missionen; Wil- liams, Middle Kingdom (Lond. and N. Y. 1848, 8vo) ; Morrison, View of China (4 to) ; Annales de la Propaga- tion de la Foi; Annual Reports of the Protestant Mis- sionary Societies in A^^rica and England; Dean, The China Missions (N. Y. 12mo) ; Newcomb, Cychpcedia qf Missions ; Schem, Ecclesiastical Year-book for 1859, p. 189, 140, 220 sq. ; Edkins, The Religiovs Condition of the Chinese (Lond. 1859, 8vo) ; Milne, Life in China (Lond. 1857, 8vo) ; Hue, Journey through the Chinese Empire (N.Y., Harper and Brothers, 1855, 2 vols. 12mo); Bush, Five Years in China (Presbjrt, Board); Meadows, The Chinese and their Rd>eUions (Lond. 1856, 8vo) ; Fortune, Three Years in China (Lond. 1847, 8vo) ; MacUy, Ufe among (he Chinese (N.Y. 1860, 12mo); Davis, General Description of China (Lond. 1857, 8vo ; N. Y. 2 vols. 18mo) ; Doolittie, Social Life of the Chi- nese (N. Y. 1866, Harper & Brothers, 2 vols. 12mo); Oliphant, Narrative of the Eari of Elgin's Mission (Edinb. 1859; N.Y. Harpers, 1860, 8vo); Cobbold, Pictures of the Chinese by themselves (Lond. 1859, 8vo) ; Smith, Consular Cities of China (N. Y. 1850, 12mo); Dimon, Ear^ Christianity in China (New Englander), Nov. 1858); Whitney, China and the Chinese; China and the West (New Englander, Feb. 1859, and Jan.
^J). See Confucius ; CoRKA.
Chln'nereth (Heb. Kwme'relk, n^!D ; in pause Kinnafretk [Josh.], rcnilD; Sept XivipfJ^ v. r._ [in Deut] Maxavopid), the sing, form (Dent, iii, 17 ; Josh, zix, 35) of a town, also ^led in tiie plor. Chis- NBROTH (Heb. Kinneroth% ni*iSS, 1 Kings xv, 20; Sept. Xev&ped ; A. V. *' Cinneroth ;" or Kitmarotkr^ ninSS, Josh, xl, 2, Xfvfpwd); or periu^is tiie latter form designates the region of wliich the other was the metropolis. A similar variety appears in the name of the adjoining lake, which is perhaps intended in some of tlie above passages. The town was a fortified city in the tribe of Naphtali, mentioned between Bakkath and Adamah (Josh, xix, 35), the only cer- tain reference to the city exclusively. Whetiier It gave its name to or received it from Uie lake, wliich was possibly adjacent, is uncertain. Jerome identifies Chetmereth {Onimast. s. v., Eusebius lUvt^) with the later Tiberias. This may have been from some tia- dition then existing : the only corroboration which we can find for it b the mention in Joshua of Hanunath as near it, which was possibly the Emmans (modem Humnum), near the shore of the lake, a little soath of Tiberias. This situation of Chlnnereth is denied bj Reland {Palmst, p. 161) on the ground that Capemanm is said by Matthew (iv, 18) to have been on the very borders of Zebulun and Naphtali, and that Zebulon was to the south of Napht«di. But the evangelist'a expression hardly requires this strict interpretation. The town, or the lake, appears to have given its name (slightly altered) to a district^'' all Cinneroth" (1 Kings XV, 20). See Cinneretb.
Sea of CRiNmERETH (n'JSS"Q J ; Sept. [ij] ^aXaa- oa Xevlpe:^, N^m. xxiv, 11 ; Josh, xiii, 27) or CHnf- NEBOTH (r^i*)SS, Xf vfpt:^. Josh, xii, 8), the inland sea, which is most familiarly known to us by its New-Test, name as the **Lake of Ciennesareth," or the "Sea of Tiberias" or **of Galilee." This is evident from the mode in which it is mentioned in various passa^^ in the Pentateuch and Joshua as being at the end of Jor> dan, opposite to the " Sea of the Arabah," i. e. the Dead Sea, as having the Arabah or Ghor below it, etc (Dent, iii, 17 ; Josh, xi, 2 ; xiii, 8. In the two former of tiiese passages the word '*sea*' is perhaps omitted). The word is by some derived from the Heb. ^^33, JgifiiiMir^ (Kiw^pOy cithara\ a *'harp," as if in allusion to the oval shape of the lake. But it is possible that Cim- nereth was an ancient Canaanite name existing long prior to the Israelite conquest, and, lilce other names, adopted by the Israelites into their language. The subsequent name " Gennesar** was derived from *'Cin- nereth" by a change of letters of a^ kind frequent in the East. — Smith, s. v. See GEmnssARETH.
Chin^neroth (Josh, xi, 2; xiu, 8). See Chdi^
HERBTH.
Chihtin. See Wheat.
Chi^OB (Xtoc, according to some, frmn x^^* mov, with which its mountains are perpetually covered; acceding to others, fi^m a Syrian word for «mu^ with which its forests abounded), one of the principal islands of the Ionian Archipelago, mentioned in Acts XX, 15, and famous as one of the reputed birthplaces of the poet Homer. It belonged to Ionia (Mela, ii, 7\ and lay between the islands Lesbos and Samoe, and distant eight miles frt>m the nearest promontory (Aren- num Pr.) of Asia Minor. The position of this island in reference to the neighboring islands and coasts could hardly be better described than in the detailed account of the apostle Paul's return voyage from Troas to Cfl»- sarea (Acts xx, xxi). Having come from Assos to Mitylene in Lesbos (xx, 14), he arrived the next day over agtdnst Chios (ver. 15), the next day at Sanioe, and tarried at Trogylliom (»6.); and the following day at Miletus (i&.) ; thence he went by Om and Rhodes to Patara (xx, 1). See Mittlbnb; Saxoa.