Chisaon (Heb. Kidon% "jibQlD, confidence; Sept XaoXuw), the father of Elidad, which latter was one of the princes of Benjamin, selected on the part of that tribe by Jehovah to divide Canaan (Num. xxxiv, 21). B.C. ante 1618.
ChiB'loth-ta'bor (Hebrew Kisloth' Tabor", n'bDS *nhPl, ,/fcmii of Tabor; Sept Xa<raXw^^a/3a)p v.'r. XatTtXudai!^ and XaaaXd^-fiadiap, Yulg. CeseUtkrihO' bor), a place to the " border" (iwil), of which the " bor- der*' ^^^^A) of Zebulon extended eastward from Sarid on the southern boundary (Josh, xix, 12), apparently outside its territory, at the western foot of Mt. Tabor. See Tribe. It is probably the same elsewhere called simply Chbsulloth (Josh, xix, 18) and Tabob (1 Chron. vi, 7), and seems to be identical with the CheS' alus (XidKovQ, Chasalus) of the Onomaaticon (s. v. 'AxtoiXu)^, Acehaselnth ; comp. s. w. XeotXa^^aPutp, Chaselatabor ; XaoiXoiJc rov Oapwp, Chaselath), near Mt Tabor, in the plain [of Esdraelon], 8 R. miles E. of Diocssarea ; also with the Xaloth (jSaXio^) mentioned by Josephus {War, iii, 8, 1 ; comp. Life, 44) as a vil- lage in the great plain, and one of the landmarks of lower Galilee (comp. Zunz, On the Geography of Pales- tine from JewiA Sources in Asher*s Benj. of Tudela, ii, 482 ; and Seetzen's Beisen durch Sgrien, iv, 811). See Aznoth-Tabor. It is doubtless the modem Tksal, seen by Dr. Robinson on his way from Nablous to Nazareth, *'in the plain toward Sahor, on a low rocky ridge or mound, not far from the foot of the northern hills, described as containing many excavated sepul- chres" {Researches, iii, 182). It was also observed by De Saulcy, while passing through the plain of Esdrae- lon towards Nain, " to the left, and distant a little more than a league, built at the foot of the mountains of Nazareth" (Narrative, I, 74). Pococke (ii, 66) men- tions a village which he caJls Zal, about three mUes from Tabor.
Chlttah. See Wheat.
Chit^tim (Heb. Kittim', fi^^PllD, a Gentile plur. form of foreign origin. Gen. x, 4 ; Sept Kjjrtoi, A. V. "Kittim;" Num. xxiv, 24, Kinaioi-, 1 Chron. i, 7 ["Kittim"! and Dan. xi, 80, Kinoi v. r. 'Pw/imot; Isa. xxiii, 1, Kijrtatot v. r. Kinaiot ; or in the longer and more properly national form KittUfin/, C^^PtS, Jer. ii, 10, K€m«i> ; D^'iplS, Isa. xxiii, 12, Kniruifi v. r. KiruTc; fi?l^?» Ezek. xxvii, 6, Xerruifi v. r. Xen- tift), a branch of the descendants of Javan, the aon of Japheth (Gen. x, 4; 1 Chron. i, 7), closely rebted to
CHITTIM
256
CHOBA
the Dodftnim, and remotelj (as we may conclude from the absence of the ooqjonction before it) to the other descendants of Jayan (see Hiller, Syntoffim, hermemaa. p. 186). Balaam foretold **that ships shoold come fh>m the coast of Ghittim, and should afflict Asshnr [the Assyrians]! and afflict Eber*' [the Hebrews] (Norn. X3dy, 24), thos foretelling the Orecian and Bo- man invasions. Daniel prophesied (xi, 18) that the ships of Chittim should come against the king of the North, and that he shoold therefore be grieyed and re- tom, which was fulfilled when Antiochns Epiphanes, the king of Syria, having invaded Egypt, was by the Roman ambassadors commanded to desist, and with- drew to his own country (livy, zliv, 29 ; xlVjlO). In Isa. xxiii, 1, 12, it appears as a resort of the fleets of Tyre ; in Jer. ii, 10, the " isles (Q'^^K, L e. maritime districts) of Chittim" are to the for west, as Kedar to the east of Palestine ; the Tyrians procured thence the cedar or box-wood, which they inlaid with ivory for the decks of their vessels (Ezek. xxvii, 8, D*^ni^M-n$, A. y. " the company of the Ashurites," but rather [ivory] the daughter of box-woody i. e. inclosed in it). At a later period the name was applied to the Macedonians under Alexander the Great (1 Mace i, 1, Ximuifi, A. Y. **Chettiim*') and Perseus (viii, 1, Kirtkow ''Citims*'). On the authority of Josephus, who is followed by £pi- phanius (ffaer. xxx, 25, p. 150) and Jerome {Qmest. im Qtn, x), it has genenlly been admitted that the Chit- tim migrated Anom Phoenicia to Cyprus, and founded there the town of Citiumy the modem ChUti: " Chethi- mus possessed the island of Chethima, which is now called Cyprus, and from this all islands and maritime places are called Chethim (Xi^ifi) by the Hebrews" (Joseph. Ant, i, 8, 1). Other andent writers, it may be remarked, speak of the Citians as a Phoenician col- ony (Pliny, V, 85 ; xxxi, 89 ; Strabo, xv, 682 ; Qcero, De Finibus, iv, 20). Pococke copied at Citium thirty- three inscriptions in Phoenician characters, of which an engraving is given in his DtscriptUm of ike East (ii, 218), and which have more recently been explained by Gesenius in his Momim, Phcsnic, (p. 124-188). From the town the name extended to the whole island of Cyprus, which was occupied by Phoenician colonies, and remained under Tyre certainly until about B.C. 720 (Josephus, Ani, ix, 14^). With the decay of the Phoenician power (drc B.C. 600) the Greeks began to found flourishing settlements on its coasts, as they had also done in Crete, Rhodes, and the islands of the ^gean Sea. The name Chittim, which in the first in- stance had applied to Phoenicians only (for D*^ri!p = D*^rin, Hiitites, a branch of the Canaanitish race--Ge- senius, Comment, zu Jesa, i, 721 sq.), passed over to the islands which they had occupied, and thence to the people who succeeded the Phoenicians in the occupa- tion of them. The use of the term was extended yet forther so as to embrace Italy (Bochart, Phakg^ iii, 5, compares the CttiOj Kmo, in Latium, mentioned by Dionys. Hal. viii, c. 86), according to the Sept. (Dan.), and the Vulgate (Num. and Dan.), to which we may add the rendering of the Cbaldee Targum, which g^ves ItcJian CjI'^blSK) In 1 Chron. i, 7, and Apvdia (K'^bltJ5<) in Ezek. xxvii, 6. In an ethnological point of view, Chittim, associated as the name is with Javan and Eli- shah, must be regarded as applying, not to the original Phoenician settlers of Cyprus, but to the race which succeeded them, viz. the Carians, who were widely dis- persed over the Mediterranean coasts, and were settled in the Cyclades (Thucyd. i, 8), Crete (Herod, i, 171), and in the islands called Macariie InsuUe, perhaps as behig the residence of the Carians. From these isl- ands they were displaced by the Dorians and lonians (Herod. /. e.), and emigrated to the main land, where tiiey occupied the district named after them. The Ca- rians were connected vrith the Leleges, and must be considered as related to the Pebisgic family, though