CmSLEU
255
CHIITIM
In tiie accoant of Herod's voyage to join Maicns Agrip- pa in the Black Sea, we are told (Josephns, Ani. xvi, 2, 2) that, after passing by Rhodes and Cos, he was detained some time by north winds at Chios, and sailed on to Mitylene when the winds became more fiavora- ble. It appears that during this stay at Chios Herod gave Tery liberal sams towards the restoration of some public works which had suffered in tlie Mithiidatlc war. Thia island does not appear to have any other association with the Jews, nor is it specially mentioned in connection with the first spread of Christianity by the apostles. When Paul was there, on the occasion referred to, he did not land, but only passed the night at anchor (Conybeare and Howson, St. Paul^ ii, 211). At that time Chios enjoyed the privilege of freedom (Plin. y, 88 ; comp. xvi, 6), and it is not certain that it ever was politically a part of the Roman proconsular Asia. No record exists of its connection with Chris- tianity in apostolic times ; but after the lapse of ages we read of a bishop of Chios, showing that the Gospel bad obtained a footing on tiie shores. Its leng^ laf about 82 miles, and in breadth it varies fh>m 8 to 18 (having a periphery of 900 stadia, Strabo, xiv, 645, or 120 Italian miles, Toumefort, Fby. ii, 84). Its outline is mountainous and bold, and it has always been cele- brated for its beauty and fruitfulness (Arvieux, Foy. vi, 169; Schubert, iZsM. i, 414). It is very fertile in cotton, silk, and fruit, and was anciently celebrated for its wme (Pliny, xiv, 9 ; xvii, 84, 22 ; Strabo, xiv, 687 ; Horace, Od, ill, 19, 5 ; Virg. Eel. v, 7 ; Athen. iv, 167 ; i, 32) and mastic (Pliny, xii, 86 ; xxiv, 74 ; Dioscor. i, 90). The principid town was also called Chios, and had the advantage of a good harbor (Strabo, xiv, p. 645). The island is now called by the Greeks Kkioj and by the Italians Scio (Hamilton, Eeiearekes, ii, 5 ; Thevenot, TrcaeU, i, 98; Chandler, Asia Minor, c. 16; (Harke, Trav. iii, 286; Sonnini, Tnw, c. 87; Olivier, Voif, ii, 108). The wholesale massacre and enslave- ment of the inhabitants by the Turks in 1822 forms one of the most shocking incidents of the Greek war of independence (Hughes, Tract on Gr, Revolution, Load. 1822). See also Malta Brun, Gtoffrapky, ii, 86 sq. ; Mannert, Gtoffr, YI, iii, 828 sq. ; Hassel, Erd- bad^. xiii, 161 sq. ; Cellarii Nottt. ii, 19 ; Smith's Did. of Class, Geogr. s. v. ; M^Culloch's Gazetteer, s. v. Scio. See Asia Minor.
Coin of Chios. Chialeu (Heb. Kideo', 1^03, according to some, from Arabic, L q. lethargic; according to others [Ben- fey, Momtanamen, BerL 1836], of Persic origin ; and as it appears on the Palmyrene Inscription [ed. Swin- ton, PIdlos. Transactions, xlviii, tab. 29] in the form ^1^03, 1 0. Kislul^ it probably represents the name of the third of the Amshaspands or celestial genii [Bour- noaf,Comin«ii/atre swr le Yasna, p. 146, 151, 174] ; Sept. Xo(TiX€v, Anglicized ** Casleu" in 1 Mace, i, 64 ; iv, 69 ; Ghaldee 1*^^DS, Targ. on Ecd. xi, 8; Josephus Xatr- \iv or XaaXifi, Ant. iii, 6, 4 ; 7, 6), the name adopted ftom the Babylonians, after the Captivity, by the Jews for the third ciiiril or ninth ecclesiastical month (Neh. i, 1; Zech. vii, 1), corresponding to the Macedonian wmihApeBttus {AirekXaioc; see Spanheim in Haver- camp's Josq)kus, ii, 407), and answering mainly to the moon of November. See Month. The following were the days spedally memorable for religions exer- Gtses: On the 8d, a feast in memory of the idols which the Aimonsana cast out of the Temple; on the 7th,
a fittt instituted because king Jehoiakim burned the prophecy of Jeremiah, which Baruch had written (Jer. xxxvi, 28). Scaliger believes that it was instituted on account of Zedekiah's having his eyes put out, alter his children had be^ slain in his sight. This fast Prl- deaux places on the 29th of the month ; but Calmet, with the modem Jews, makes it the 6th, and places on the 7th a festival in memory of the death of Herod the Great, the son of Antipater. There is also some dis- pute whether this fast was not observed on the 28th of the month*. It is an argument In favor of the earlier day that the other would fell in the middle of the eight days' Festival of the Dedication.
On the 26th, the Chanuca, or feast of Dedication (q, v.), so called (John x, 22), and kept as a minor festi- vid in commemoration of the dedication of the altar after the cleansing of the Temple from the pollution of Antiochus by Judas MaccabsBUs, by whom it was ordered to be observed (1 Mace iv, 69). This feast lasted eight days. A prayer for the world in general is offered up on the eighth day of the feast In this month the winter prayer for rain commences ; the pre- cise day is sixty days after the autumnal equinox, by the calculations of Rab Samuel, which varies from the 2d to the 6th, but is generally on the 4th of December. See Caleitdab.